Memory enhancing effect of Nigella Sativa hydro-alcoholic extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in rats.

In this study, the effects of Nigella Sativa (NS) hydro-alcoholic extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced learning and memory impairments, hippocampal cytokine levels, and brain tissues oxidative damage were investigated in rats. The rats were grouped and treated: (1) control (saline), (2) LPS (1 mg/kg i.p.), and (3-5) 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg NS hydro-alcoholic extract 30 min before LPS injection. The treatment was started since 6 days before the behavioral experiments and continued during the behavioral tests (LPS injection 2 h before each behavioral experiment). Finally, the brains were removed for biochemical assessments. In Morris water maze (MWM) test, LPS increased the escape latency and traveled path compared to control group, whereas all doses of NS hydro-alcoholic extract decreased them compared to LPS group. In passive avoidance (PA) test, the latency to enter the dark compartment in LPS group was shorter than control group while in all treated groups it was longer than LPS group. LPS increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, and decreased thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the hippocampal tissues compared to control group while NS hydro-alcoholic extract decreased MDA and NO metabolites and increased thiol content, SOD, and CAT compared to LPS group. Findings of the current study indicated that the hydro-alcoholic extract of NS improved the LPS-induced learning and memory impairments induced by LPS in rats by improving hippocampal cytokine levels and brain tissues oxidative damage.