The effect of maternal type 2 diabetes on fetal endothelial gene expression and function.

Maternal type 2 diabetes (T2D) can result in adverse pathological outcomes to both the mother and fetus. The present study aimed to investigate the pathological effects of maternal T2D on the gene expression patterns and functions of fetal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), a representative of fetal vascular cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial ROS production and cell cycle were measured using flowcytometry. Genome-wide expression was measured using Affymetrix microarray. Gene expression of CCND2, STAT1, ITGB8, ALDH2, and ADAMTS5 was measured using real-time PCR. HUVECs derived from T2D mothers (T2D-HUVECs) showed elevated levels of mitochondrial superoxide anions, reduced cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis rates relative to HUVECs derived from healthy control mothers (C.HUVECs). In addition , T2D-HUVECs showed a decreased proportion of cells in G0/G1 and cell cycle arrest at the S phases relative to controls. Interestingly, microarray experiments revealed significant differences in genome-wide expression profiles between T2D-HUVECs and C.HUVECs. In particular, the analysis identified 90 upregulated genes and 42 downregulated genes. The upregulated genes CCND2, STAT1, ITGB8, ALDH2, and ADAMTS5 were validated as potential biomarkers for fetal endothelial dysfunction. Functional network analysis revealed that these genes are the important players that participate in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, which in turn influences the inflammatory response, cellular movement, and cardiovascular system development and function. Sustained alterations in the overall function of T2D-HUVEC and gene expression profiles provided insights into the role of maternal T2D on the pathophysiology of the fetal endothelial dysfunction.