Choline and choline-related nutrients in regular and preterm infant growth.
Arachidonic acid
Betaine
Choline
Docosahexaenoic acid
Enteral nutrition
Essential nutrients
Fetal development
Growth spurt
Lean body mass
Membrane
Methyl donor
Nutrition
Parenchyma
Parenteral nutrition
Phosphatidylcholine
Preterm infant
Sphingomyelin
Journal
European journal of nutrition
ISSN: 1436-6215
Titre abrégé: Eur J Nutr
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 100888704
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Apr 2019
Apr 2019
Historique:
received:
01
06
2018
accepted:
22
09
2018
pubmed:
10
10
2018
medline:
20
12
2019
entrez:
10
10
2018
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Choline is an essential nutrient, with increased requirements during development. It forms the headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all membranes and many secretions. Phosphatidylcholine is linked to cell signaling as a phosphocholine donor to synthesize sphingomyelin from ceramide, a trigger of apoptosis, and is the major carrier of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma. Acetylcholine is important for neurodevelopment and the placental storage form for fetal choline supply. Betaine, a choline metabolite, functions as osmolyte and methyl donor. Their concentrations are all tightly regulated in tissues. During the fetal growth spurt at 24-34-week postmenstrual age, plasma choline is higher than beyond 34 weeks, and threefold higher than in pregnant women [45 (36-60) µmol/L vs. 14 (10-17) µmol/L]. The rapid decrease in plasma choline after premature birth suggests an untimely reduction in choline supply, as cellular uptake is proportional to plasma concentration. Supply via breast milk, with phosphocholine and α-glycerophosphocholine as its major choline components, does not prevent such postnatal decrease. Moreover, high amounts of liver PC are secreted via bile, causing rapid hepatic choline turnover via the enterohepatic cycle, and deficiency in case of pancreatic phospholipase A2 deficiency or intestinal resection. Choline deficiency causes hepatic damage and choline accretion at the expense of the lungs and other tissues. Choline deficiency may contribute to the impaired lean body mass growth and pulmonary and neurocognitive development of preterm infants despite adequate macronutrient supply and weight gain. In this context, a reconsideration of current recommendations for choline supply to preterm infants is required.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Choline is an essential nutrient, with increased requirements during development. It forms the headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all membranes and many secretions. Phosphatidylcholine is linked to cell signaling as a phosphocholine donor to synthesize sphingomyelin from ceramide, a trigger of apoptosis, and is the major carrier of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma. Acetylcholine is important for neurodevelopment and the placental storage form for fetal choline supply. Betaine, a choline metabolite, functions as osmolyte and methyl donor. Their concentrations are all tightly regulated in tissues.
CLINCAL IMPACT
CONCLUSIONS
During the fetal growth spurt at 24-34-week postmenstrual age, plasma choline is higher than beyond 34 weeks, and threefold higher than in pregnant women [45 (36-60) µmol/L vs. 14 (10-17) µmol/L]. The rapid decrease in plasma choline after premature birth suggests an untimely reduction in choline supply, as cellular uptake is proportional to plasma concentration. Supply via breast milk, with phosphocholine and α-glycerophosphocholine as its major choline components, does not prevent such postnatal decrease. Moreover, high amounts of liver PC are secreted via bile, causing rapid hepatic choline turnover via the enterohepatic cycle, and deficiency in case of pancreatic phospholipase A2 deficiency or intestinal resection. Choline deficiency causes hepatic damage and choline accretion at the expense of the lungs and other tissues.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Choline deficiency may contribute to the impaired lean body mass growth and pulmonary and neurocognitive development of preterm infants despite adequate macronutrient supply and weight gain. In this context, a reconsideration of current recommendations for choline supply to preterm infants is required.
Identifiants
pubmed: 30298207
doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1834-7
pii: 10.1007/s00394-018-1834-7
doi:
Substances chimiques
Phosphatidylcholines
0
Sphingomyelins
0
Betaine
3SCV180C9W
Choline
N91BDP6H0X
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
931-945Subventions
Organisme : Zentrum Ernährungsmedizin of the Medical Faculty of the University of Tuebingen and University of Hohenheim.
ID : Project no. E.1100008
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