Effects of Question Framing on Self-Reported Memory Concerns across the Lifespan.

Background/Study Context: Evidence regarding whether there is an age-related increase in subjective memory concerns is mixed. The goal of this study was to investigate whether calling to mind specific instances of memory failures affects the likelihood that individuals report being concerned about their memory. Young, middle-aged, and older individuals responded to statements that probed general memory concerns (e.g., I am concerned about my memory) before or after probing the frequency of memory difficulties in specific everyday situations (e.g., I forget appointments). We found no relationship between age and memory concern, and older compared to younger adults reported having fewer everyday memory failures. Furthermore, individuals of all ages were more likely to report being concerned about their memory if asked before relative to after rating the frequency of specific everyday memory failures. Increasing age is associated with fewer reported difficulties with specific everyday memory situations, but people of all ages display anchoring effects on memory concern based on realistic occurrences of remembering. Our findings have implications for the measurement of self-reported memory as they show that the order of questions can influence responding.