Diagnostic accuracy of noncontrast CT imaging markers in cerebral venous thrombosis.

Adult Area Under Curve Case-Control Studies Cerebral Angiography Cerebral Veins / diagnostic imaging Computed Tomography Angiography Female Humans Intracranial Thrombosis / diagnostic imaging Magnetic Resonance Angiography Male Middle Aged Phlebography Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial / diagnostic imaging Tomography, X-Ray Computed Venous Thrombosis / diagnostic imaging

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
19 02 2019
Historique:
received: 14 06 2018
accepted: 18 10 2018
pubmed: 20 1 2019
medline: 26 11 2019
entrez: 20 1 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

To assess the added diagnostic value of semiquantitative imaging markers on noncontrast CT scans in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). In a retrospective, multicenter, blinded, case-control study of patients with recent onset (<2 weeks) CVT, 3 readers assessed (1) the accuracy of the visual impression of CVT based on a combination of direct and indirect signs, (2) the accuracy of attenuation values of the venous sinuses in Hounsfield units (with adjustment for hematocrit levels), and (3) the accuracy of attenuation ratios of affected vs unaffected sinuses in comparison with reference standard MRI or CT angiography. Controls were age-matched patients with (sub)acute neurologic presentations. We enrolled 285 patients with CVT and 303 controls from 10 international centers. Sensitivity of visual impression of thrombosis ranged from 41% to 73% and specificity ranged from 97% to 100%. Attenuation measurement had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.81). After adjustment for hematocrit, the AUC remained 0.78 (95% CI 0.74-0.81). The analysis of attenuation ratios of affected vs unaffected sinuses had AUC of 0.83 (95% CI 0.8-0.86). Adding this imaging marker significantly improved discrimination, but sensitivity when tolerating a false-positive rate of 20% was not higher than 76% (95% CI 0.70-0.81). Semiquantitative analysis of attenuation values for diagnosis of CVT increased sensitivity but still failed to identify 1 out of 4 CVT. This study provides Class II evidence that visual analysis of plain CT with or without attenuation measurements has high specificity but only moderate sensitivity for CVT.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006959 PMID: 30659138
pubmed: 30659138
pii: WNL.0000000000006959
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006959
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e841-e851

Informations de copyright

© 2019 American Academy of Neurology.

Auteurs

Pieter-Jan Buyck (PJ)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Susanna M Zuurbier (SM)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Carlos Garcia-Esperon (C)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8843-5890

Miguel A Barboza (MA)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Paolo Costa (P)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Irene Escudero (I)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Dimitri Renard (D)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Robin Lemmens (R)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Nicole Hinteregger (N)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Franz Fazekas (F)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Jordi Jimenez Conde (JJ)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Eva Giralt-Steinhauer (E)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Sini Hiltunen (S)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Antonio Arauz (A)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Alessandro Pezzini (A)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Joan Montaner (J)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Jukka Putaala (J)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Christian Weimar (C)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Leonid Churilov (L)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Thomas Gattringer (T)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Hamed Asadi (H)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Turgut Tatlisumak (T)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Jonathan M Coutinho (JM)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Philippe Demaerel (P)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Vincent Thijs (V)

From the Departments of Radiology (P.-J.B., P.D.) and Neurology (R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.Z., J.M.C.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.-G.E.), John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Australia; Stroke Department (M.A.B., A.A.), Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, México; Department of Head and Neck (P.C.), Neurology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy; Departments of Head and Neck (P.C.) and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy; Neurology Department (I.E., J.M.), University Hospitals Virgen del Rocio and Macarena, Seville; Neurovascular Lab (I.E., J.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Nîmes University Hospital, France; Department of Neurosciences (R.L.), Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Laboratory of Neurobiology (R.L.), Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Radiology (N.H.) and Neurology (F.F., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (J.J.C., E.G.-S.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.P., T.T.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology (J.M.), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (L.C.), University of Melbourne; Australia School of Medicine (H.A.), Faculty of Health, Deakin University; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne; Interventional Neuroradiology Service (H.A.), Radiology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (V.T.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; and Department of Neurology (V.T.), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia. vincent.thijs@florey.edu.au.
ORCID: 0000-0002-6614-8417

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questionsmedicales.fr › Diagnostic › Techniques et procédures diagnostiques › Imagerie diagnostique › Tomographie › Tomographie à rayons X › Tomodensitométrie › Diagnostic accuracy of noncontrast CT imaging...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies cardiovasculaires › Maladies vasculaires › Embolie et thrombose › Thrombose › Thrombose veineuse › Diagnostic accuracy of noncontrast CT imaging...