Resonating Shell: A Spherical-Omnidirectional Ultrasound Transducer for Underwater Sensor Networks.

This paper presents the design and fabrication process of a spherical-omnidirectional ultrasound transducer for underwater sensor network applications. The transducer is based on the vibration of two hemispheres with a thickness of 1 mm and an outer diameter of 10 mm, which are actuated by two piezoelectric ring elements. Since the ultrasound wave is generated by the vibration of the two hemispheres, a matching layer is not required. Silicon Carbide (SiC) is used as the material of the hemispherical shells of the transducer. The shells were fabricated by laser sintering as an additive manufacturing method, in which the hemispheres were built layer by layer from a powder bed. All manufactured transducers with an outer dimension of 10 × 14.2 mm and a center frequency of 155 kHz were measured in a water tank by a hydrophone or in mutual communication. The circumferential source level was measured to vary less than 5dB. The power consumption and the insertion loss of the transducer, ranging from 100 μ W to 2.4 mW and 21.2 dB, respectively, along with all other measurements, prove that the transducer can transmit and receive ultrasound waves omnidirectionally at tens of centimeters intervals with a decent power consumption and low actuation voltage.