Characteristics and clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus related to anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy.

We conducted a national survey to clarify the characteristics and clinical course of type 1 diabetes related to anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy. We analyzed the detailed data of 22 patients that were collected using a Japan Diabetes Society survey and a literature database search. Among the 22 patients, 11 (50.0%) met the criteria for fulminant type 1 diabetes and 11 (50.0%) met the criteria for acute-onset type 1 diabetes. The average patient age was 63 years. The mean duration between the date of the first anti-PD-1 antibody injection and development of type 1 diabetes was 155 days and ranged from 13 to 504 days. Flu-like symptoms, abdominal symptoms, and drowsiness were observed in 27.8, 31.6, and 16.7% patients, respectively. Mean ± standard deviation or median (first quartile-third quartile) glucose levels, HbA1c levels, urinary C-peptide immunoreactivity levels, and fasting serum C-peptide immunoreactivity levels were 617 ± 248 mg/dl, 8.1 ± 1.3%, 4.1 (1.4-9.4) μg/day, and 0.46 (0.20-0.70) ng/ml, respectively. Seventeen of 20 patients (85.0%) developed ketosis, and 7 of 18 patients (38.9%) developed diabetic ketoacidosis. Ten of 19 patients (52.6%) showed at least one elevated pancreatic enzyme level at the onset and two of seven patients showed this elevation before diabetes onset. Only one of 21 patients was anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive. Anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody-related type 1 diabetes varies from typical fulminant type 1 diabetes to acute-onset type 1 diabetes. However, diabetic ketoacidosis was frequently observed at the onset of diabetes. An appropriate diagnosis and treatment should be provided to avoid life-threatening metabolic alterations.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Akihisa Imagawa received scholarship donations from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and MSD and honoraria for lectures from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Norio Abiru received research grants from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Hiroshi Ikegami received a scholarship grant from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Yumiko Kawabata received a scholarship grant from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (The Ethics Committees of the JDS, date of approval: 26 August 2016, approval number: 28-003-(2), Osaka University Hospital, date of approval: 27 April 2016, approval number: 15589, and Osaka Medical College, date of approval: 10 January 2017, approval number: 2098) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Informed consent or substitute for it was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.