Constraints on Minute-Scale Transient Astrophysical Neutrino Sources.

Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
08 Feb 2019
Historique:
revised: 12 11 2018
received: 27 07 2018
entrez: 2 3 2019
pubmed: 2 3 2019
medline: 2 3 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

High-energy neutrino emission has been predicted for several short-lived astrophysical transients including gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), core-collapse supernovae with choked jets, and neutron star mergers. IceCube's optical and x-ray follow-up program searches for such transient sources by looking for two or more muon neutrino candidates in directional coincidence and arriving within 100 s. The measured rate of neutrino alerts is consistent with the expected rate of chance coincidences of atmospheric background events and no likely electromagnetic counterparts have been identified in Swift follow-up observations. Here, we calculate generic bounds on the neutrino flux of short-lived transient sources. Assuming an E^{-2.5} neutrino spectrum, we find that the neutrino flux of rare sources, like long gamma-ray bursts, is constrained to <5% of the detected astrophysical flux and the energy released in neutrinos (100 GeV to 10 PeV) by a median bright GRB-like source is <10^{52.5}  erg. For a harder E^{-2.13} neutrino spectrum up to 30% of the flux could be produced by GRBs and the allowed median source energy is <10^{52}  erg. A hypothetical population of transient sources has to be more common than 10^{-5}  Mpc^{-3}  yr^{-1} (5×10^{-8}  Mpc^{-3}  yr^{-1} for the E^{-2.13} spectrum) to account for the complete astrophysical neutrino flux.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.051102 PMID: 30822017
pubmed: 30822017
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.051102
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

051102

Auteurs

M G Aartsen (MG)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

M Ackermann (M)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Adams (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

J A Aguilar (JA)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M Ahlers (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

M Ahrens (M)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

I Al Samarai (I)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

D Altmann (D)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

K Andeen (K)

Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA.

T Anderson (T)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

I Ansseau (I)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G Anton (G)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

C Argüelles (C)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Auffenberg (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Axani (S)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Backes (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

H Bagherpour (H)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

X Bai (X)

Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.

A Barbano (A)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

J P Barron (JP)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

S W Barwick (SW)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

V Baum (V)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

R Bay (R)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

J J Beatty (JJ)

Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

J Becker Tjus (J)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

K-H Becker (KH)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

S BenZvi (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

D Berley (D)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

E Bernardini (E)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

D Z Besson (DZ)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.

G Binder (G)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

D Bindig (D)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

E Blaufuss (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

S Blot (S)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

C Bohm (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

M Börner (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

F Bos (F)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

S Böser (S)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

O Botner (O)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

E Bourbeau (E)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

J Bourbeau (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

F Bradascio (F)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Braun (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Brenzke (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

H-P Bretz (HP)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

S Bron (S)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

J Brostean-Kaiser (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

A Burgman (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

R S Busse (RS)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Carver (T)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

E Cheung (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

D Chirkin (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Christov (A)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

K Clark (K)

SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario, Canada P3Y 1N2.

L Classen (L)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

G H Collin (GH)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J M Conrad (JM)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Coppin (P)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

P Correa (P)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

D F Cowen (DF)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

R Cross (R)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

P Dave (P)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

M Day (M)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J P A M de André (JPAM)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

C De Clercq (C)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

J J DeLaunay (JJ)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

H Dembinski (H)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

K Deoskar (K)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

S De Ridder (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

P Desiati (P)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K D de Vries (KD)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G de Wasseige (G)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M de With (M)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

T DeYoung (T)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

J C Díaz-Vélez (JC)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

V di Lorenzo (V)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

H Dujmovic (H)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

J P Dumm (JP)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

M Dunkman (M)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

E Dvorak (E)

Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.

B Eberhardt (B)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Ehrhardt (T)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

B Eichmann (B)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

P Eller (P)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

P A Evans (PA)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.

P A Evenson (PA)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

S Fahey (S)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A R Fazely (AR)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

J Felde (J)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

K Filimonov (K)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

C Finley (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

A Franckowiak (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

E Friedman (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A Fritz (A)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T K Gaisser (TK)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

J Gallagher (J)

Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Ganster (E)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

L Gerhardt (L)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

K Ghorbani (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

W Giang (W)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

T Glauch (T)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

T Glüsenkamp (T)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

A Goldschmidt (A)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

J G Gonzalez (JG)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

D Grant (D)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

Z Griffith (Z)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

C Haack (C)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Hallgren (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

L Halve (L)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Halzen (F)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Hanson (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

D Hebecker (D)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

D Heereman (D)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

K Helbing (K)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

R Hellauer (R)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

S Hickford (S)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

J Hignight (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

G C Hill (GC)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

K D Hoffman (KD)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

R Hoffmann (R)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

T Hoinka (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

B Hokanson-Fasig (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Hoshina (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

F Huang (F)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

M Huber (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

K Hultqvist (K)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

M Hünnefeld (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

R Hussain (R)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S In (S)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

N Iovine (N)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Ishihara (A)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

E Jacobi (E)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

G S Japaridze (GS)

CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA.

M Jeong (M)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

K Jero (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

B J P Jones (BJP)

Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.

P Kalaczynski (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

W Kang (W)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

A Kappes (A)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

D Kappesser (D)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Karg (T)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

A Karle (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

U Katz (U)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

M Kauer (M)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Keivani (A)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

J L Kelley (JL)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Kheirandish (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Kim (J)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

T Kintscher (T)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Kiryluk (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

T Kittler (T)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

S R Klein (SR)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

R Koirala (R)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

H Kolanoski (H)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

L Köpke (L)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C Kopper (C)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

S Kopper (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

J P Koschinsky (JP)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

D J Koskinen (DJ)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

M Kowalski (M)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Krings (K)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

M Kroll (M)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

G Krückl (G)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

S Kunwar (S)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

N Kurahashi (N)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

A Kyriacou (A)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

M Labare (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

J L Lanfranchi (JL)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

M J Larson (MJ)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

F Lauber (F)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

K Leonard (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Leuermann (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

Q R Liu (QR)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Lohfink (E)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C J Lozano Mariscal (CJ)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

L Lu (L)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

J Lünemann (J)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

W Luszczak (W)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Madsen (J)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

G Maggi (G)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

K B M Mahn (KBM)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Y Makino (Y)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

S Mancina (S)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

I C Mariş (IC)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

R Maruyama (R)

Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

K Mase (K)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

R Maunu (R)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

K Meagher (K)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M Medici (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

M Meier (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

T Menne (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

G Merino (G)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Meures (T)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

S Miarecki (S)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

J Micallef (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

G Momenté (G)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Montaruli (T)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

R W Moore (RW)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

M Moulai (M)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

R Nagai (R)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

R Nahnhauer (R)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

P Nakarmi (P)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

U Naumann (U)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

G Neer (G)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

H Niederhausen (H)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

S C Nowicki (SC)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

D R Nygren (DR)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

A Obertacke Pollmann (A)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

A Olivas (A)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A O'Murchadha (A)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

J P Osborne (JP)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.

E O'Sullivan (E)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

T Palczewski (T)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

H Pandya (H)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

D V Pankova (DV)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

P Peiffer (P)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

J A Pepper (JA)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

C Pérez de Los Heros (C)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

D Pieloth (D)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

E Pinat (E)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Pizzuto (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Plum (M)

Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA.

P B Price (PB)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

G T Przybylski (GT)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

C Raab (C)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M Rameez (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

L Rauch (L)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Rawlins (K)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.

I C Rea (IC)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

R Reimann (R)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

B Relethford (B)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

G Renzi (G)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

E Resconi (E)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

W Rhode (W)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

M Richman (M)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

S Robertson (S)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

M Rongen (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Rott (C)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

T Ruhe (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

D Ryckbosch (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

D Rysewyk (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

I Safa (I)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S E Sanchez Herrera (SE)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

A Sandrock (A)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

J Sandroos (J)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

M Santander (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

S Sarkar (S)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom.

S Sarkar (S)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

K Satalecka (K)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Schaufel (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

P Schlunder (P)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

T Schmidt (T)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A Schneider (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Schneider (J)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

S Schöneberg (S)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

L Schumacher (L)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Sclafani (S)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

D Seckel (D)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

S Seunarine (S)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

J Soedingrekso (J)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

D Soldin (D)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

M Song (M)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

G M Spiczak (GM)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

C Spiering (C)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Stachurska (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Stamatikos (M)

Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

T Stanev (T)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

A Stasik (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

R Stein (R)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Stettner (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Steuer (A)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Stezelberger (T)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

R G Stokstad (RG)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

A Stößl (A)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

N L Strotjohann (NL)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

T Stuttard (T)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

G W Sullivan (GW)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

M Sutherland (M)

Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

I Taboada (I)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

F Tenholt (F)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

S Ter-Antonyan (S)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

A Terliuk (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

S Tilav (S)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

P A Toale (PA)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

M N Tobin (MN)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

C Tönnis (C)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

S Toscano (S)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

D Tosi (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Tselengidou (M)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

C F Tung (CF)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

A Turcati (A)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

C F Turley (CF)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

B Ty (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Unger (E)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

M A Unland Elorrieta (MA)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

M Usner (M)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Vandenbroucke (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

W Van Driessche (W)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

D van Eijk (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

N van Eijndhoven (N)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

S Vanheule (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

J van Santen (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Vraeghe (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

C Walck (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

A Wallace (A)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

M Wallraff (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F D Wandler (FD)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

N Wandkowsky (N)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T B Watson (TB)

Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.

A Waza (A)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Weaver (C)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

M J Weiss (MJ)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

C Wendt (C)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Werthebach (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Westerhoff (S)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

B J Whelan (BJ)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

N Whitehorn (N)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.

K Wiebe (K)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C H Wiebusch (CH)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

L Wille (L)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

D R Williams (DR)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

L Wills (L)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

M Wolf (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

J Wood (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T R Wood (TR)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

E Woolsey (E)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

K Woschnagg (K)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

G Wrede (G)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

D L Xu (DL)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

X W Xu (XW)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

Y Xu (Y)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

J P Yanez (JP)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

G Yodh (G)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

S Yoshida (S)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

T Yuan (T)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Classifications MeSH