Universal Nanoparticle Wetting Agent for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cells.

Solution-processed perovskite solar cells reach efficiencies over 23% on lab-scale. However, a reproducible transfer of these established processes to upscaling techniques or different substrate surfaces requires a highly controllable perovskite film formation. Especially, hydrophobic surfaces cause severe dewetting issues. Such surfaces are particularly crucial for the so-called standard n-i-p cell architecture when fullerene-based electron transport layers are employed underneath perovskite absorber films. In this work, a unique and universally applicable method was developed based on the deposition of size-controlled Al