An Integrative Evaluation Method for the Biological Safety of Down and Feather Materials.
allergy
bedding
clothes
environment
microbiome
pollution
Journal
International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
Titre abrégé: Int J Mol Sci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101092791
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
21 Mar 2019
21 Mar 2019
Historique:
received:
28
01
2019
revised:
15
03
2019
accepted:
18
03
2019
entrez:
24
3
2019
pubmed:
25
3
2019
medline:
17
7
2019
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Down and feather materials have been commonly used and promoted as natural stuffing for warm clothing and bedding. These materials tend to become more allergenic as they become contaminated with microorganisms, in addition to being subjected to several kinds of chemical treatments. The biological or chemical contaminants in these materials pose a major risk to human health, to consumers and manufacturers alike. Here, we report the development of an integrative evaluation method for down and feather materials to assess bacterial contamination and in vivo toxicity. To assess bacterial contamination, we quantified 16S ribosomal RNA, performed culture tests, and established a conversion formula. To determine in vivo toxicity, we performed a zebrafish embryo toxicity testing (ZFET). Washing the material appropriately decreases the actual number of bacteria in the down and feather samples; in addition, after washing, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the bacterial compositions were similar to those in rinse water. The ZFET results showed that even materials with low bacterial contamination showed high toxicity or high teratogenicity, probably because of the presence of unknown chemical additives. We established an integrative evaluation method for down and feather safety, based on bacterial contamination with in vivo toxicity testing.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Down and feather materials have been commonly used and promoted as natural stuffing for warm clothing and bedding. These materials tend to become more allergenic as they become contaminated with microorganisms, in addition to being subjected to several kinds of chemical treatments. The biological or chemical contaminants in these materials pose a major risk to human health, to consumers and manufacturers alike. Here, we report the development of an integrative evaluation method for down and feather materials to assess bacterial contamination and in vivo toxicity.
METHODS
METHODS
To assess bacterial contamination, we quantified 16S ribosomal RNA, performed culture tests, and established a conversion formula. To determine in vivo toxicity, we performed a zebrafish embryo toxicity testing (ZFET).
RESULTS
RESULTS
Washing the material appropriately decreases the actual number of bacteria in the down and feather samples; in addition, after washing, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the bacterial compositions were similar to those in rinse water. The ZFET results showed that even materials with low bacterial contamination showed high toxicity or high teratogenicity, probably because of the presence of unknown chemical additives.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
We established an integrative evaluation method for down and feather safety, based on bacterial contamination with in vivo toxicity testing.
Identifiants
pubmed: 30901881
pii: ijms20061434
doi: 10.3390/ijms20061434
pmc: PMC6471580
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
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