Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons.


Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
15 Mar 2019
Historique:
received: 07 01 2019
entrez: 2 4 2019
pubmed: 2 4 2019
medline: 2 4 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Precision results on cosmic-ray electrons are presented in the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 1.4 TeV based on 28.1×10^{6} electrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. In the entire energy range the electron and positron spectra have distinctly different magnitudes and energy dependences. The electron flux exhibits a significant excess starting from 42.1_{-5.2}^{+5.4}  GeV compared to the lower energy trends, but the nature of this excess is different from the positron flux excess above 25.2±1.8  GeV. Contrary to the positron flux, which has an exponential energy cutoff of 810_{-180}^{+310}  GeV, at the 5σ level the electron flux does not have an energy cutoff below 1.9 TeV. In the entire energy range the electron flux is well described by the sum of two power law components. The different behavior of the cosmic-ray electrons and positrons measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is clear evidence that most high energy electrons originate from different sources than high energy positrons.

Identifiants

pubmed: 30932626
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.101101
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

101101

Auteurs

M Aguilar (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

L Ali Cavasonza (L)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

B Alpat (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

G Ambrosi (G)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

L Arruda (L)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

N Attig (N)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

P Azzarello (P)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Bachlechner (A)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Barao (F)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

A Barrau (A)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

L Barrin (L)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

A Bartoloni (A)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

L Basara (L)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

S Başeğmez-du Pree (S)

KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands.

R Battiston (R)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

U Becker (U)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Behlmann (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

B Beischer (B)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

J Berdugo (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

B Bertucci (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

V Bindi (V)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

W de Boer (W)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

K Bollweg (K)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

B Borgia (B)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

M J Boschini (MJ)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

M Bourquin (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

E F Bueno (EF)

Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

J Burger (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

W J Burger (WJ)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

X D Cai (XD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Capell (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

S Caroff (S)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

J Casaus (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

G Castellini (G)

CNR-IROE, I-50125 Firenze, Italy.

F Cervelli (F)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.

Y H Chang (YH)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan, 32054, Taiwan.

G M Chen (GM)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

H S Chen (HS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Y Chen (Y)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

L Cheng (L)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

H Y Chou (HY)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan, 32054, Taiwan.

V Choutko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C H Chung (CH)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Clark (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Coignet (G)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

C Consolandi (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

A Contin (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

C Corti (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

M Crispoltoni (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Z Cui (Z)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

K Dadzie (K)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y M Dai (YM)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

A Datta (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C Delgado (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

S Della Torre (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

M B Demirköz (MB)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

L Derome (L)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

S Di Falco (S)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.

V Di Felice (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

F Dimiccoli (F)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

C Díaz (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

P von Doetinchem (P)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Dong (F)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

F Donnini (F)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

M Duranti (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

A Egorov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Eline (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

T Eronen (T)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.

J Feng (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

E Fiandrini (E)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

P Fisher (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Formato (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Y Galaktionov (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

R J García-López (RJ)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

C Gargiulo (C)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

H Gast (H)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

I Gebauer (I)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M Gervasi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

F Giovacchini (F)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

D M Gómez-Coral (DM)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

J Gong (J)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

C Goy (C)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

V Grabski (V)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

D Grandi (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

M Graziani (M)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

K H Guo (KH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

S Haino (S)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

K C Han (KC)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan, 32546, Taiwan.

Z H He (ZH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

M Heil (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

T H Hsieh (TH)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Huang (H)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

Z C Huang (ZC)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

M Incagli (M)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.

Yi Jia (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Jinchi (H)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan, 32546, Taiwan.

K Kanishev (K)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

B Khiali (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Th Kirn (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Konak (C)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

O Kounina (O)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kounine (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Koutsenko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kulemzin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

G La Vacca (G)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

E Laudi (E)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

G Laurenti (G)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

I Lazzizzera (I)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Lebedev (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H T Lee (HT)

Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

S C Lee (SC)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

C Leluc (C)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

J Q Li (JQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

Q Li (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

T X Li (TX)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

Z H Li (ZH)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

C Light (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C H Lin (CH)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

T Lippert (T)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

F Z Liu (FZ)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Hu Liu (H)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan, 32054, Taiwan.

Z Liu (Z)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

S Q Lu (SQ)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

Y S Lu (YS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

K Luebelsmeyer (K)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Luo (F)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

J Z Luo (JZ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

Xi Luo (X)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

S S Lyu (SS)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

F Machate (F)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Mañá (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

J Marín (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

T Martin (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Martínez (G)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

N Masi (N)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

D Maurin (D)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

A Menchaca-Rocha (A)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

Q Meng (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

D C Mo (DC)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

M Molero (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

P Mott (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

L Mussolin (L)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

T Nelson (T)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

J Q Ni (JQ)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

N Nikonov (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Nozzoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Oliva (A)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

M Orcinha (M)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

M Palermo (M)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Palmonari (F)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

M Paniccia (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Pashnin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pauluzzi (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

S Pensotti (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

C Perrina (C)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

H D Phan (HD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

N Picot-Clemente (N)

IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

V Plyaskin (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pohl (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

V Poireau (V)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

A Popkow (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

L Quadrani (L)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

X M Qi (XM)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

X Qin (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Z Y Qu (ZY)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

P G Rancoita (PG)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

D Rapin (D)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Reina Conde (AR)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

S Rosier-Lees (S)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

A Rozhkov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

D Rozza (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

R Sagdeev (R)

East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

C Solano (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

S Schael (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S M Schmidt (SM)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

A Schulz von Dratzig (AS)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Schwering (G)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

E S Seo (ES)

IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

B S Shan (BS)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

J Y Shi (JY)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

T Siedenburg (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

J W Song (JW)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Z T Sun (ZT)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

M Tacconi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

X W Tang (XW)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Z C Tang (ZC)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

J Tian (J)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Samuel C C Ting (SCC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

S M Ting (SM)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

N Tomassetti (N)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

J Torsti (J)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.

T Urban (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

V Vagelli (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

E Valente (E)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

E Valtonen (E)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.

M Vázquez Acosta (MV)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

M Vecchi (M)

KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands.
Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

M Velasco (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

J P Vialle (JP)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

J Vizán (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

L Q Wang (LQ)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

N H Wang (NH)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Q L Wang (QL)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

X Wang (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

X Q Wang (XQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Z X Wang (ZX)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

J Wei (J)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

Z L Weng (ZL)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Wu (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

R Q Xiong (RQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

W Xu (W)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Q Yan (Q)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y Yang (Y)

National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.

H Yi (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

Y J Yu (YJ)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

Z Q Yu (ZQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

M Zannoni (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

S Zeissler (S)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

C Zhang (C)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

F Zhang (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

J H Zhang (JH)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

Z Zhang (Z)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

F Zhao (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Z M Zheng (ZM)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

H L Zhuang (HL)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

V Zhukov (V)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Zichichi (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

N Zimmermann (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

P Zuccon (P)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

Classifications MeSH