Occupational Exposure to Metals in Shooting Ranges: A Biomonitoring Study.
Biomonitoring
Metals
Occupational health
Journal
Safety and health at work
ISSN: 2093-7911
Titre abrégé: Saf Health Work
Pays: Korea (South)
ID NLM: 101542940
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Mar 2019
Mar 2019
Historique:
received:
21
01
2018
revised:
08
03
2018
accepted:
22
05
2018
entrez:
6
4
2019
pubmed:
6
4
2019
medline:
6
4
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Lead (Pb) exposure in shooting ranges has been reduced by various measures such as jacketed ammunition and lead-free primers. Nevertheless, this may lead to exposure to other metals, potentially resulting in adverse health effects. In a cross-sectional study, 35 subjects from seven different shooting ranges were studied: four shooting instructors, 10 police officers, 15 Special Forces, and six maintenance staff members. Metals and metalloids were determined in blood and urine by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of most elements did not differ significantly between groups or compared to reference values, except for Sb and Pt in urine and Pb in blood. Mean values for Sb were considerably higher in urine from the Special Forces (0.34 μg/L), the maintenance staff (0.13 μg/L), and shooting instructors (0.32 μg/L) compared to the police officers before shooting (0.06 μg/L) and a Belgian reference value (0.04 μg/L). For Pt, the Special Forces showed higher mean urinary concentrations (0.078 μg/L) compared to a Belgian reference value (<0.061 μg/L). Mean values for blood lead were markedly higher in the Special Forces (3.9 μg/dL), maintenance staff (5.7 μg/dL), and instructors (11.7 μg/dL) compared to police officers (1.4 μg/dL). One instructor exceeded the biological exposure index for blood Pb (38.8 μg/dL). Since both Pb and Sb were found to be higher in shooting range employees, especially among frequent shooters, it is advisable to provide appropriate protective equipment, education, and medical follow-up for shooting range personnel in addition to careful choice of ammunition.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Lead (Pb) exposure in shooting ranges has been reduced by various measures such as jacketed ammunition and lead-free primers. Nevertheless, this may lead to exposure to other metals, potentially resulting in adverse health effects.
METHODS
METHODS
In a cross-sectional study, 35 subjects from seven different shooting ranges were studied: four shooting instructors, 10 police officers, 15 Special Forces, and six maintenance staff members. Metals and metalloids were determined in blood and urine by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The concentrations of most elements did not differ significantly between groups or compared to reference values, except for Sb and Pt in urine and Pb in blood. Mean values for Sb were considerably higher in urine from the Special Forces (0.34 μg/L), the maintenance staff (0.13 μg/L), and shooting instructors (0.32 μg/L) compared to the police officers before shooting (0.06 μg/L) and a Belgian reference value (0.04 μg/L). For Pt, the Special Forces showed higher mean urinary concentrations (0.078 μg/L) compared to a Belgian reference value (<0.061 μg/L). Mean values for blood lead were markedly higher in the Special Forces (3.9 μg/dL), maintenance staff (5.7 μg/dL), and instructors (11.7 μg/dL) compared to police officers (1.4 μg/dL). One instructor exceeded the biological exposure index for blood Pb (38.8 μg/dL).
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Since both Pb and Sb were found to be higher in shooting range employees, especially among frequent shooters, it is advisable to provide appropriate protective equipment, education, and medical follow-up for shooting range personnel in addition to careful choice of ammunition.
Identifiants
pubmed: 30949386
doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.05.006
pii: S2093-7911(18)30019-2
pmc: PMC6428968
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
87-94Références
Am J Ind Med. 1999 May;35(5):519-22
pubmed: 10212705
Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002;26(3):203-7
pubmed: 12141613
Environ Res. 2007 Jan;103(1):30-7
pubmed: 16843453
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009 Mar;82(4):539-42
pubmed: 18654794
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009 Sep;212(5):557-61
pubmed: 19135414
Arch Environ Occup Health. 2009 Summer;64(2):115-20
pubmed: 19395342
Br J Ind Med. 1991 Feb;48(2):93-7
pubmed: 1998614
Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2009 Apr;13(1):3-10
pubmed: 20165605
Am J Public Health. 1991 Jun;81(6):753-5
pubmed: 2029046
Med Lav. 2010 Jan-Feb;101(1):30-7
pubmed: 20415047
Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Jan 10;214(1-3):44-7
pubmed: 21831549
Occup Med (Lond). 2011 Aug;61(5):349-53
pubmed: 21831823
Dan Med J. 2012 Aug;59(8):A4488
pubmed: 22849982
Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013 Apr;51(4):839-49
pubmed: 23314559
J Occup Environ Hyg. 2014;11(5):282-91
pubmed: 24188168
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014 Jul;217(6):702-4
pubmed: 24411572
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Aug 15;490:313-21
pubmed: 24858229
Ann Occup Hyg. 2015 Apr;59(3):307-23
pubmed: 25452293
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2015;78(10):645-61
pubmed: 26039682
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016 Mar;170(1):1-8
pubmed: 26179085
J Korean Med Sci. 2016 Apr;31(4):497-501
pubmed: 27051231
Am J Public Health. 1989 Aug;79(8):1029-32
pubmed: 2751019
J Occup Environ Med. 2016 Dec;58(12):e371-e374
pubmed: 27930493
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Apr;220(2 Pt B):341-363
pubmed: 27931767
Environ Health. 2017 Apr 4;16(1):34
pubmed: 28376827
Sci Total Environ. 1988 Nov 1;77(1):1-13
pubmed: 3232073
Am J Public Health. 1987 Sep;77(9):1225-6
pubmed: 3618861
Environ Res. 1998 Jan;76(1):53-9
pubmed: 9466897