Cosmological Constraints from Multiple Probes in the Dark Energy Survey.

Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
03 May 2019
Historique:
revised: 19 02 2019
received: 08 11 2018
entrez: 21 5 2019
pubmed: 21 5 2019
medline: 21 5 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The combination of multiple observational probes has long been advocated as a powerful technique to constrain cosmological parameters, in particular dark energy. The Dark Energy Survey has measured 207 spectroscopically confirmed type Ia supernova light curves, the baryon acoustic oscillation feature, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clustering. Here we present combined results from these probes, deriving constraints on the equation of state, w, of dark energy and its energy density in the Universe. Independently of other experiments, such as those that measure the cosmic microwave background, the probes from this single photometric survey rule out a Universe with no dark energy, finding w=-0.80_{-0.11}^{+0.09}. The geometry is shown to be consistent with a spatially flat Universe, and we obtain a constraint on the baryon density of Ω_{b}=0.069_{-0.012}^{+0.009} that is independent of early Universe measurements. These results demonstrate the potential power of large multiprobe photometric surveys and pave the way for order of magnitude advances in our constraints on properties of dark energy and cosmology over the next decade.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.171301 PMID: 31107093
pubmed: 31107093
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.171301
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

171301

Auteurs

T M C Abbott (TMC)

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile.

A Alarcon (A)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

S Allam (S)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

P Andersen (P)

School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
University of Copenhagen, Dark Cosmology Centre, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.

F Andrade-Oliveira (F)

Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.

J Annis (J)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

J Asorey (J)

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-348, Korea.

S Avila (S)

Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom.

D Bacon (D)

Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom.

N Banik (N)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

B A Bassett (BA)

African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6 Melrose Road, Muizenberg 7945, South Africa.
South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O.Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa.

E Baxter (E)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

K Bechtol (K)

LSST, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA.

M R Becker (MR)

Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.

G M Bernstein (GM)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

E Bertin (E)

CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.

J Blazek (J)

Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland.

S L Bridle (SL)

Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.

D Brooks (D)

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

D Brout (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

D L Burke (DL)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

J Calcino (J)

School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.

H Camacho (H)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil.

A Campos (A)

Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA.

A Carnero Rosell (A)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.

D Carollo (D)

INAF, Astrophysical Observatory of Turin, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy.

M Carrasco Kind (M)

Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.

J Carretero (J)

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain.

F J Castander (FJ)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

R Cawthon (R)

Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA.

P Challis (P)

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

K C Chan (KC)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

C Chang (C)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

M Childress (M)

School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.

M Crocce (M)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

C E Cunha (CE)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

C B D'Andrea (CB)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

L N da Costa (LN)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.

C Davis (C)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

T M Davis (TM)

School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.

J De Vicente (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.

D L DePoy (DL)

George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.

J DeRose (J)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

S Desai (S)

Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India.

H T Diehl (HT)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

J P Dietrich (JP)

Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany.
Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany.

S Dodelson (S)

Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA.

P Doel (P)

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

A Drlica-Wagner (A)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

T F Eifler (TF)

Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0065, USA.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA.

J Elvin-Poole (J)

Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

J Estrada (J)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

A E Evrard (AE)

Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

E Fernandez (E)

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain.

B Flaugher (B)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

R J Foley (RJ)

Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.

P Fosalba (P)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

J Frieman (J)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

L Galbany (L)

PITT PACC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.

J García-Bellido (J)

Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.

M Gatti (M)

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain.

E Gaztanaga (E)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

D W Gerdes (DW)

Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

T Giannantonio (T)

Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom.
Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kindom.
Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany.

K Glazebrook (K)

Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC 3122, Australia.

D A Goldstein (DA)

California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.

D Gruen (D)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

R A Gruendl (RA)

Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.

J Gschwend (J)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.

G Gutierrez (G)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

W G Hartley (WG)

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

S R Hinton (SR)

School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.

D L Hollowood (DL)

Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.

K Honscheid (K)

Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

J K Hoormann (JK)

School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.

B Hoyle (B)

Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany.
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany.

D Huterer (D)

Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

B Jain (B)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

D J James (DJ)

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

M Jarvis (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

T Jeltema (T)

Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.

E Kasai (E)

South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O.Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa.
Department of Physics, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia.

S Kent (S)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

R Kessler (R)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

A G Kim (AG)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

N Kokron (N)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

E Krause (E)

Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0065, USA.

R Kron (R)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

K Kuehn (K)

Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.

N Kuropatkin (N)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

O Lahav (O)

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

J Lasker (J)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

P Lemos (P)

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom.
Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kindom.

G F Lewis (GF)

Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, A28, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

T S Li (TS)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

C Lidman (C)

The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia.

M Lima (M)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil.

H Lin (H)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

E Macaulay (E)

Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom.

N MacCrann (N)

Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

M A G Maia (MAG)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.

M March (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

J Marriner (J)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

J L Marshall (JL)

George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.

P Martini (P)

Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

R G McMahon (RG)

Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom.
Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kindom.

P Melchior (P)

Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

F Menanteau (F)

Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.

R Miquel (R)

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain.

J J Mohr (JJ)

Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany.
Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany.
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany.

E Morganson (E)

National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.

J Muir (J)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

A Möller (A)

The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia.
ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia.

E Neilsen (E)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

R C Nichol (RC)

Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom.

B Nord (B)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

R L C Ogando (RLC)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.

A Palmese (A)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

Y-C Pan (YC)

Division of Theoretical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.

H V Peiris (HV)

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

W J Percival (WJ)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada.

A A Plazas (AA)

Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

A Porredon (A)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

J Prat (J)

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain.

A K Romer (AK)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom.

A Roodman (A)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

R Rosenfeld (R)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.

A J Ross (AJ)

Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

E S Rykoff (ES)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

S Samuroff (S)

Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA.

C Sánchez (C)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

E Sanchez (E)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.

V Scarpine (V)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

R Schindler (R)

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

M Schubnell (M)

Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

D Scolnic (D)

Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.

L F Secco (LF)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

S Serrano (S)

Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

I Sevilla-Noarbe (I)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.

R Sharp (R)

The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia.

E Sheldon (E)

Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 510, Upton, New York 11973, USA.

M Smith (M)

School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.

M Soares-Santos (M)

Brandeis University, Physics Department, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA.

F Sobreira (F)

Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil.
Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil.

N E Sommer (NE)

The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia.
ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia.

E Swann (E)

Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom.

M E C Swanson (MEC)

National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.

G Tarle (G)

Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

D Thomas (D)

Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom.

R C Thomas (RC)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

M A Troxel (MA)

Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.

B E Tucker (BE)

The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia.
ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia.

S A Uddin (SA)

Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara St., Pasadena, California 91101, USA.

P Vielzeuf (P)

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain.

A R Walker (AR)

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile.

M Wang (M)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

N Weaverdyck (N)

Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

R H Wechsler (RH)

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

J Weller (J)

Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany.
Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany.
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany.

B Yanny (B)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

B Zhang (B)

The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia.
ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia.

Y Zhang (Y)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.

J Zuntz (J)

Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom.

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