Bone loss around oral and orthopedic implants: An immunologically based condition.
adverse immune reaction
bone loss
normal immune reaction
oral implants
orthopedic implants
Journal
Clinical implant dentistry and related research
ISSN: 1708-8208
Titre abrégé: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 100888977
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Aug 2019
Aug 2019
Historique:
received:
05
04
2019
accepted:
29
04
2019
pubmed:
28
5
2019
medline:
4
12
2019
entrez:
29
5
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Marginal bone resorption has by some been identified as a "disease" whereas in reality it generally represents a condition. The present article is a comparison between oral and orthopedic implants, as previously preferred comparisons between oral implants and teeth seem meaningless. The article is a narrative review on reasons for marginal bone loss. The pathology of an oral implant is as little related to a tooth as is pathology of a hip arthroplasty to a normally functioning, pristine hip joint. Oral as well as orthopedic implants are recognized as foreign bodies by the immune system and bone is formed, either in contact or distance osteogenesis, to shield off the foreign materials from remaining tissues. A mild immune reaction coupled to a chronic state of inflammation around the implant serve to protect implants from bacterial attacks. Having said this, an overreaction of the immune system may lead to clinical problems. Marginal bone loss around oral and orthopedic implants is generally not dependent on disease, but represents an immunologically driven rejection mechanism that, if continuous, will threaten implant survival. The immune system may be activated by various combined patient and clinical factors or, if rarely, by microbes. However, the great majority of cases with marginal bone loss represents a temporary immune overreaction only and will not lead to implant failure due to various defense mechanisms.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Marginal bone resorption has by some been identified as a "disease" whereas in reality it generally represents a condition.
PURPOSE
OBJECTIVE
The present article is a comparison between oral and orthopedic implants, as previously preferred comparisons between oral implants and teeth seem meaningless.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
METHODS
The article is a narrative review on reasons for marginal bone loss.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The pathology of an oral implant is as little related to a tooth as is pathology of a hip arthroplasty to a normally functioning, pristine hip joint. Oral as well as orthopedic implants are recognized as foreign bodies by the immune system and bone is formed, either in contact or distance osteogenesis, to shield off the foreign materials from remaining tissues. A mild immune reaction coupled to a chronic state of inflammation around the implant serve to protect implants from bacterial attacks. Having said this, an overreaction of the immune system may lead to clinical problems. Marginal bone loss around oral and orthopedic implants is generally not dependent on disease, but represents an immunologically driven rejection mechanism that, if continuous, will threaten implant survival. The immune system may be activated by various combined patient and clinical factors or, if rarely, by microbes. However, the great majority of cases with marginal bone loss represents a temporary immune overreaction only and will not lead to implant failure due to various defense mechanisms.
Substances chimiques
Dental Implants
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
786-795Informations de copyright
© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Références
Reinedahl D, Chrcanovic B, Albrektsson T, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. Ligature-induced experimental peri-implantitis-a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2018;7:492-501.
Lindhe J, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B, Marinello C. Experimental breakdown of peri-implant and periodontal tissues. A study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:9-16.
Caruac O, Abrahamsson I, Albouy J, Linder E, Larson L, Berglundh T. Experimental periodontitis and peri-implantitis in dogs. Clin Oral Implant Res. 2013;24:363-371.
Moest T, Wrede J, Schmitt C, Stamp M, Neukan F, Schlegel K. The influence of different abutment materials on tissue regeneration after surgical treatment of peri-implantitis - a randomized controlled preclinical study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017;45:1190-1196.
Fransson C, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Berglundh T. Prevalence of subjects with progressive bone loss at implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005;16:440-446.
Fransson C, Wennström J, Berglundh T. Clinical characteristics and implant with a history of progressive bone loss. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:142-147.
Roos-Jansåker AM, Lindahl C, Renvert H, Renvert S. Nine to fourteen-year follow-up of implant treatment. Part II: presence of peri-implant lesions. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33:290-295.
Koldsland O, Scheie A, Aass A. Prevalence of peri-implantitis related to the severity of the diseases with different degrees of bone loss. J Periodontol. 2010;81:231-238.
Donath K, Laass M, Günzl H. The histopathology of different foreign body reactions in oral soft tissue and bone tissue. Virchows Archiv A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1992;420:131-137.
Franz S, Rammelt S, Scharnweber D, Simon J. Immune responses to implants-a review of the implications for the design of immunomodulatory implants. Biomaterials. 2011;32:6692-6709.
Chen Z, Klein T, Murray R, et al. Osteoimmunomodulation for the development of advanced bone biomaterials. Mater Today. 2016;19:304-321.
Albrektsson T, Chrcanovic B, Jacobssson M. Wennerberg a Osseointegration of implants-a biological and clinical overview. JSM Dent Surg. 2017;2:1022-1028.
Bos I. Gewebereaktionen um gelockerte Hüftgelenk-endoprothesen. Orthopade. 2001;30:881-889.
Anderson J, Rodriguez A, Chang D. Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Semin Immunol. 2008;20:86-100.
Thiele A, Bilkenroth U, Bloching M, Knipping S. Fremderkörperreaktion nach implantation eines biocompatiblen Osteosynthese systeme. HNO. 2008;56:545-548.
Harris W. Vanishing Bone-Conquering a Stealth Disease Caused by Total Hip Replacements. Oxford, UK: Oxford Press; 2018.
Osborn JF, Newesly H. Dynamic aspects of the implant-bone interface. In: Heimke G, ed. Dental Implants, Materials and System. Germany-Austria: Hanser Verlag München-Wien; 1980:111-123.
Shah FA, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Osseointegration and current interpretations of the bone-implant interface. Acta Biomater. 2018;84:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.018.
Albrektsson T, Brånemark P-I, Hansson H-A, et al. The interface zone of inorganic implants in bone. Annals Biomed Eng. 1983;11:1-27.
Salvi G, Cosgarea R, Sculean A. Prevalence and mechanisms of peri-implant diseases. J Dent Res. 2017;96:31-37.
Qian J, Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. Reasons for marginal bone loss around oral implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14:792-807.
Becker W. Osseointegration: have we tinkered with the process too much? Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14:779-780.
Becker S, Beck-Broichsitter B, Graetz C, Dörfer C, Wiltfang J, Häsle R. Peri-implantitis versus periodontitis: functional differences indicated by transcriptome profiling. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014;16:401-411.
Albrektsson T, Canullo L, Cochran D. DeBruyn H “Peri-implantitis”: a complication of a foreign body or a man-made “disease”. Facts and fiction. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2016;18:840-849.
Bryant SR. Oral Implant Outcomes Predicted by Age- and Site Specific Aspects of Bone Condition [PhD thesis]. Canada: Department of Prosthodontics, University of Toronto; 2001.
Albrektsson T, Chrcanovic B, Östman P-O, Sennerby L. Initial and long-term crestal bone responses to modern dental implants. Periodontol 2000. 2017;73:41-50.
Lindhe J, Meyle J. Group D of European workshop on periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(suppl 8):282-285.
Albrektsson T, Jemt T, Mölne J, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. On inflammation-immunological balance theory-a critical apprehension of disease concepts around implants. Mucositis and marginal bone loss may represent normal conditions and not necessarily a state of disease. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019;21:183-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.12711.
Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:292-304.
Takayanagi H. New developments in osteoimmunology. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8:684-689.
Landgraeber S, Jäger M, Jacobs H, Hallab N. The pathology of orthopedic implant failure is mediated by innate immune system cytokines. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:185150.
Christiansen RJ. Metal Release from Implants and Its Effect on the Immune System [PhD thesis]. Technical University of Denmark, DTU Mechanical Engineering; 2016:1-19.
Wang X, Li Y, Feng Y, Cheng H, Li D. Macrophage polarization in aseptic bone resorption around dental implants induced by Ti particles in a murine model. J Periodont Res. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12633.
Kashani H, Hilon J, Rasoul MH, Friberg B. Influence of a single preoperative dose of anibiotics on the early implant failure rate. A randomized clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019;21:278-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.12724.
Harris W, Schiller A, Scholler J, Freiberg R, Scott R. Extensive localized bone resorption in the femur following total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:612-618.
Goodman S, Chin R, Chou S, Schurman D, Woolson S, Masada P. A clinical-pathologic-biochemical study of the membrande surrounding loosened and nonloosened total hip arthroplaties. Clin Orthop. 1989;244:182-187.
Buly R, Huo M, Salvati E, Brien W, Bansal M. Titanium wear debris in failed cemented total hip arthroplasty. An analysis of 71 cases. J Arthroplasty. 1992;7:315-323.
Case C, Langkamper V, James C, et al. Widespread dissemination of metal debris from implants. J Bone Joint Surg. 1994;76-B:701-712.
Campbell P. On Aseptic Loosening of Total Hip Replacements: The Role of UHMWPE Wear Particles [PhD thesis ].Sweden: Dept Handicap res, University of Gothenburg; 1995:1-199.
Gallo J, Goodman S, Konttinen Y, Raska M. Particle disease: biologic mechanisms of peri-prosthetic osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty. Innate Immun. 2013;19:213-224.
Wilson T, Valderrama P, Burbano M, et al. Foreign bodies associated with peri-implantitis-human biopsies. J Periodontal. 2015;86:9-15.
Cvartszaid D, Koka S, Zarb G. Osseointegration failure. In: Zarb G, Albrektsson T, Baker G, eds. Osseointegration-On Continuing Synergies in Surgery, Prosthodontics, Biomaterials. Chicago, IL: Quintessence; 2008:157-164.
Jemt T. Implant survival in the edentulous jaw - 30 years of experience. Part I: a retrospective multivariate regression analysis of overall implant failure in 4,585 consecutively treated arches. Int J Prosthodon. 2018;31:425-435.
Buckwalter A, Callaghan J, Liu S, et al. Results of Charnley total hip arthroplasty with use of improved femoral cementing techniques: a concise follow-up, at a minimum of twenty-five years, of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg. 2006;88:1481-1485.
Sundfeldt M. On the Aetiology of Aseptic Loosening in Joina Arthroplasties and Routes to Improved Cemented Fixation [PhD thesis]. Sweden: Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg; 2001:1-199.
Park J, Barbul A. Understanding the role of immune regulation in wound healing. Am J Surg. 2004;187:S11-S16.
Trindade R, Albrektsson T, Galli S, Prgomet Z, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. Osseointegration and foreign body reaction: titanium implants activate the immune system and suppress bone resorption during the first 4 weeks after implantation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20:82-91.
Trindade R, Albrektsson T, Galli S, Prgomet Z, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. Bone immune response to materials, part I: titanium, PEEK and copper in comparison to sham at 10 days in rabbit tibia. J Clin Med. 2018;7:526-541.
Gristina A. Biomaterial-centered infection: microbial adhesion versus tissue integration. Science. 1987;237:1588-1595.
Palmquist A, Omar O, Esposito M, Lausmaa J, Thomsen P. Titanium oral implants: surface characteristics, interface biology and clinical outcome. J R Soc Interface. 2010;10;suppl 5:S515-S527.
Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semi-conductor electrode. Nature. 1972;238:37-38.
Matsunaga T, Tomodo R, Nakajima T, Wake H. Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semieconductor powders. FEMS Mecribiol Lett. 1985;29:211-214.
Zaborowska M, Welch K, Brånemark R, et al. Bacteria-material surface interractions: methodological development for the assessment of implant surface induced antibacterial effects. J Biomed Mater Res B. Appl Biomater. 2014;1038:179-187.
Arciola C, Campoccia D, Montanero L. Implant infections: adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16:397-409.
Saginur R, Stdenis M, Ferris W, et al. Multiple combination bactericidal testing of staphylococcal biofilms from implant-associated infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:55-61.
Thurlow L. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms prevent macrophage phagocytosis and attenuate inflammation in vivo. J Immunol. 2011;186:6585-6596.
Hanke M, Angle A, Kielian T. MyD88-dependent signaling influences fibrosis and alternative macrophage activation during Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection. Plos One. 2012;7:e42476.
Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T, Chrcanovic B. Long-term clinical outcome of implants with different surface modifications. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2018;11(1):S1223-S1136.
Trindade R, Albrektsson T, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. Foreign body reactions to biomaterials: on mechanisms for build-up and breakdown of osseointegration. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2016;18:192-203.
Cupic Z. Long term follow-up of Charnley arthroplasty of the hip. Clin Orthop. 1979;141:28-43.
Charnley J, Eftekhar N. Postoperative infection in total prosthetic replacement arthroplasty of the hip-joint. Br J Surg. 1969;56:641-649.
Lidwell O, Lowbury E, Whyte W, Blowers R, Stanley S, Lowe D. Effect of ultraclean air in operating rooms on deep sepsis in the joint after total hip or knee replacement: a randomized study. Br Med J. 1982;285:10-14.
Macdonald W. On Component Integration in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Pre-Clinical Evaluation [PhD thesis]. Sweden: Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg; 2000:1-199.
McDonald W, Carlsson L, Charnley G, Jacobsson M, Johansson C. Inaccuracy of acetabular reaming under surgical conditions. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:730-737.
Brånemark PI, Hansson B-O, Adell R, et al. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1977;16:1-129.
Engesaeter L, Lie S, Espehaug B, Furnes O, Vollset S, Havelin L. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty: effects of antiobiotic prophylaxis systemically and in bone cement on the revision rate of 22,170 primary hip replacements followed 0-14 years in the Norwegian arthroplasty register. Acta Orthop Scand. 2003;74:644-651.
Winkler H. Rationale for one stage exchange of infected hip replacement using uncemented impalnts and antibiotic impregnated bone graft. Int J Med Sci. 2009;6:247-252.
Zaborowska M, Tillander J, Brånemark PI, Hagberg L, Thomsen P, Trobos M. Biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci and enterococci from osteomyelitis associated with percutaneous orthopedic implants. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2017;105B:2630-2640.
Coli P, Christiaens V, Sennerby L, Bruyn H. Reliability of periodontal diagnostic tools for monitoring peri-implant health and disease. Periodontol 2000, 2017. 2017;73:203-217.
Wilson TG Jr, Valderrama P, Burbano M, et al. Foreign bodies associated with peri-implantitis human biopsies. J Periodontol. 2015;86:9-15.
Fretwurst T, Buzanich G, Nahles S, Woelber JP, Riesemeier H, Nelson K. Metal elements in tissue with dental peri-implantitis: a pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;27:1178-1186.
Dodo CG, Meirelles L, Aviles-Reyes A, Ruiz KGS, Abranches J, Cury AADB. Pro-inflammatory analysis of macrophages in contact with titanium particles and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Braz Dent J. 2017;28:428-434.
Eger M, Sterer N, Liron T, Kohavi D, Gabet Y. Scaling of titanium implants entrains inflammation-induced osteolysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:39612.
Pettersson M, Kelk P, Belibasakis GN, Bylund D, Molin Thoren M, Johansson A. Titanium ions form particles that activate and execute interleukin-1beta release from lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages. J Periodontal Res. 2017;52:21-32.
Safioti LM, Kotsakis GA, Pozhitkov AE, Chung WO, Daubert DM. Increased levels of dissolved titanium are associated with peri-implantitis. A cross-sectional study. J Periodontol. 2017;88(5):436-442.
Suarez-Lopez del Amo F, Rudek IE, Wagner VP, et al. Titanium activates the DNA damage response pathway in oral epithelial cells: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:1413-1420.
Noronha Oliveira M, Schunemann WVH, Mathew MT, et al. Can degradation products released from dental implants affect peri-implant tissues? J Periodontal Res. 2018;53:1-11.
Pettersson M, Pettersson J, Johansson A, Molin Thorén M. Titanium release in peri-implantitis. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;46:179-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12735.
Purdue PE, Koulouvaris P, Potter HG, Nestor BJ, Sculco TP. The cellular and molecular biology of periprosthetic osteolysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;454:251-261.
Olmedo D, Nalli G, Verdu S, Paparella M, Cabrini R. Exfoliative cytology and titanium dental implants: a pilot study. J Periodontal. 2013;84:78-83.
Cha J, Wadhwani C, Wang M, Hokett S, Katancik J. Instrument selection and application used to probe dental implants. J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2019;34:115-123.
Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. The mucosal barrier following abutment dis/reconnection. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24:568-577.
Rodríguez X, Vela X, Méndez V, Segalà M, Calvo-Guirado JL, Tarnow DP. The effect of abutment dis/reconnections on peri-implant bone resorption: a radiologic study of platform-switched and non-platform-switched implants placed in animals. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:305-311.
Koutouzis T, Gholami F, Reynolds J, Lundgren T, Kotsakis GA. Abutment disconnection/reconnection affects peri-implant marginal bone levels: a meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:575-581.
Wang QQ, Dai R, Cao CY, Fang H, Han M, Li QL. One-time versus repeated abutment connection for platform-switched implant: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0186385.
Tallarico M, Caneva M, Meloni SM, Xhanari E, Covani U, Canullo L. Definitive abutments placed at implant insertion and never removed: is it an effective approach? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;7:316-324.
Jovanovic S, Kenney B, Carranza F Jr, Donath K. The regenerative potential of plaque-induced peri-implant bone defects treated by a submerged membrane technique: an experimental study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8:70-83.
Menini M, Setti P, Pera P, Pera F, Pesce P. Peri-implant tissue health and bone resorption in patients with immediately loaded, implant supported full-arch prostheses. Int J Prosthodon. 2018;31:327-333.
Müller F, Naharro M, Carlsson GE. What are the prevalence and incidence of tooth loss in the adult and elderly population in Europe? Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18(suppl 3):2-14.
Reich E, Hiller KA. Reasons for tooth extraction in the western states of Germany. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21:379-383.
Thorbert-Mros S, Cassel B, Berglundh T. Age of onset of disease in subjects with severe periodontitis: a 9- to 34-year retrospective study. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44:778-783.
Stacchi C, Berton F, Perinetti G, et al. Risk factors for peri-implantitis: effect of history of periodontal disease and smoking habits. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2016;7:e3.
Antoun H, Karouni M, Abitbol J, Zouiten O, Jemt T. A retrospective study on 1592 consecutively performed operations in one private referral clinic. Part I: Early inflammation and early implant failures. Clin Implant Dent Rel Res. 2017;19:404-412.
Ferreira SD, Martins CC, Amaral SA, et al. Periodontitis as a risk factor for peri-implantitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Dent. 2018;79:1-10.
Sennerby U, Melhus H, Gedeborg R, et al. Cardiovascualar disease and risk of hip fractures. JAMA. 2009;302:1666-1673.
Faggion CM, Listl S, Tu YK. Assessment of endpoints in studies on peri-implantitis treatment-a systematic review. J Dent. 2010;38:443-450.
Jemt T. On implant prosthodontics: one narrative, twelve voices-4. Int J Prosthodont. 2018;31:s31-s34.
Luisi P. The Emergence of Life. From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
Hashim D, Cionca N, Combescure C, Mombelli A. The diagnosis of peri-implantitis: a systematic review on the predictive value of bleeding on probing. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29(suppl 16):276-293.
La Monaca G, Pranno N, Annibali S, Cristalli MP, Polimeni A. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of a surgical reconstructive approach in the treatment of peri-implantitis lesions: a 5-year prospective case series. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29:1025-1037.
Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. On osseointegration in relation to implant surfaces. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019;21(suppl 1):S1-S4.