Age of First Exposure to American Football and Behavioral, Cognitive, Psychological, and Physical Outcomes in High School and Collegiate Football Players.
Academic Success
Adolescent
Age Factors
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
/ diagnosis
Behavioral Symptoms
Brain Concussion
/ diagnosis
Cognition
Cross-Sectional Studies
Emotions
Football
/ physiology
Humans
Linear Models
Oculomotor Muscles
/ physiology
Posture
Resilience, Psychological
Schools
Stress, Psychological
United States
Universities
Wisconsin
Young Adult
adolescence
age of first exposure
concussion
football
sports
traumatic brain injury
Journal
Sports health
ISSN: 1941-0921
Titre abrégé: Sports Health
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101518422
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Historique:
pubmed:
8
6
2019
medline:
10
7
2019
entrez:
8
6
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Although some studies have observed a relationship between age of first exposure (AFE) to American football and long-term outcomes, recent findings in collegiate athletes did not observe a relationship between AFE and more intermediate outcomes at early adulthood. This, however, requires independent replication. There will be no association between AFE to football and behavioral, cognitive, emotional/psychological, and physical functioning in high school and collegiate athletes. Cross-sectional study. Level 3. Active high school and collegiate football players (N = 1802) underwent a comprehensive preseason evaluation on several clinical outcome measures. Demographic and health variables that significantly differed across AFE groups were identified as potential covariates. General linear models (GLMs) with AFE as the independent variable were performed for each clinical outcome variable. Similar GLMs that included identified covariates, with AFE as the predictor, were subsequently performed for each clinical outcome variable. After controlling for covariates of age, concussion history, race, and a diagnosis of ADHD, earlier AFE (<12 vs ≥12 years) did not significantly predict poorer performance on any clinical outcome measures (all In a large cohort of active high school and collegiate football student-athletes, AFE before the age of 12 years was not associated with worse behavioral, cognitive, psychological, and physical (oculomotor functioning and postural stability) outcomes. The current findings suggest that timing of onset of football exposure does not result in poorer functioning in adolescence and young adults and may contribute to resilience through decreased levels of physically related psychological distress.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Although some studies have observed a relationship between age of first exposure (AFE) to American football and long-term outcomes, recent findings in collegiate athletes did not observe a relationship between AFE and more intermediate outcomes at early adulthood. This, however, requires independent replication.
HYPOTHESIS
OBJECTIVE
There will be no association between AFE to football and behavioral, cognitive, emotional/psychological, and physical functioning in high school and collegiate athletes.
STUDY DESIGN
METHODS
Cross-sectional study.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
METHODS
Level 3.
METHODS
METHODS
Active high school and collegiate football players (N = 1802) underwent a comprehensive preseason evaluation on several clinical outcome measures. Demographic and health variables that significantly differed across AFE groups were identified as potential covariates. General linear models (GLMs) with AFE as the independent variable were performed for each clinical outcome variable. Similar GLMs that included identified covariates, with AFE as the predictor, were subsequently performed for each clinical outcome variable.
RESULTS
RESULTS
After controlling for covariates of age, concussion history, race, and a diagnosis of ADHD, earlier AFE (<12 vs ≥12 years) did not significantly predict poorer performance on any clinical outcome measures (all
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
In a large cohort of active high school and collegiate football student-athletes, AFE before the age of 12 years was not associated with worse behavioral, cognitive, psychological, and physical (oculomotor functioning and postural stability) outcomes.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
CONCLUSIONS
The current findings suggest that timing of onset of football exposure does not result in poorer functioning in adolescence and young adults and may contribute to resilience through decreased levels of physically related psychological distress.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31173699
doi: 10.1177/1941738119849076
pmc: PMC6600580
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
332-342Subventions
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : L30 NS113158
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : UL1 TR001436
Pays : United States
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