Mapping Cortical and Subcortical Asymmetry in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Findings From the ENIGMA Consortium.


Journal

Biological psychiatry
ISSN: 1873-2402
Titre abrégé: Biol Psychiatry
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0213264

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
15 06 2020
Historique:
received: 20 11 2018
revised: 21 03 2019
accepted: 10 04 2019
pubmed: 11 6 2019
medline: 7 1 2021
entrez: 11 6 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Lateralized dysfunction has been suggested in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is currently unclear whether OCD is characterized by abnormal patterns of brain structural asymmetry. Here we carried out what is by far the largest study of brain structural asymmetry in OCD. We studied a collection of 16 pediatric datasets (501 patients with OCD and 439 healthy control subjects), as well as 30 adult datasets (1777 patients and 1654 control subjects) from the OCD Working Group within the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium. Asymmetries of the volumes of subcortical structures, and of measures of regional cortical thickness and surface areas, were assessed based on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans, using harmonized image analysis and quality control protocols. We investigated possible alterations of brain asymmetry in patients with OCD. We also explored potential associations of asymmetry with specific aspects of the disorder and medication status. In the pediatric datasets, the largest case-control differences were observed for volume asymmetry of the thalamus (more leftward; Cohen's d = 0.19) and the pallidum (less leftward; d = -0.21). Additional analyses suggested putative links between these asymmetry patterns and medication status, OCD severity, or anxiety and depression comorbidities. No significant case-control differences were found in the adult datasets. The results suggest subtle changes of the average asymmetry of subcortical structures in pediatric OCD, which are not detectable in adults with the disorder. These findings may reflect altered neurodevelopmental processes in OCD.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Lateralized dysfunction has been suggested in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is currently unclear whether OCD is characterized by abnormal patterns of brain structural asymmetry. Here we carried out what is by far the largest study of brain structural asymmetry in OCD.
METHODS
We studied a collection of 16 pediatric datasets (501 patients with OCD and 439 healthy control subjects), as well as 30 adult datasets (1777 patients and 1654 control subjects) from the OCD Working Group within the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium. Asymmetries of the volumes of subcortical structures, and of measures of regional cortical thickness and surface areas, were assessed based on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans, using harmonized image analysis and quality control protocols. We investigated possible alterations of brain asymmetry in patients with OCD. We also explored potential associations of asymmetry with specific aspects of the disorder and medication status.
RESULTS
In the pediatric datasets, the largest case-control differences were observed for volume asymmetry of the thalamus (more leftward; Cohen's d = 0.19) and the pallidum (less leftward; d = -0.21). Additional analyses suggested putative links between these asymmetry patterns and medication status, OCD severity, or anxiety and depression comorbidities. No significant case-control differences were found in the adult datasets.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest subtle changes of the average asymmetry of subcortical structures in pediatric OCD, which are not detectable in adults with the disorder. These findings may reflect altered neurodevelopmental processes in OCD.

Identifiants

pubmed: 31178097
pii: S0006-3223(19)31292-2
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.022
pmc: PMC7094802
mid: NIHMS1069252
pii:
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1022-1034

Subventions

Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R21 MH101441
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : K23 MH092397
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : K23 MH104515
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : K23 MH082176
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R21 MH110865
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH085900
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : UL1 TR000067
Pays : United States
Organisme : Wellcome-DBT India Alliance
ID : 500236/Z/11/Z
Pays : International
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 211155/Z/18/Z
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : K23 MH115206
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : UL1 TR001863
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH081864
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R21 MH093889
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : KL2 TR000069
Pays : United States

Investigateurs

Xiang-Zhen Kong (XZ)
Premika S W Boedhoe (PSW)
Yoshinari Abe (Y)
Pino Alonso (P)
Stephanie H Ameis (SH)
Alan Anticevic (A)
Paul D Arnold (PD)
Francesca Assogna (F)
Justin T Baker (JT)
Nerisa Banaj (N)
Nuria Bargalló (N)
Marcelo C Batistuzzo (MC)
Francesco Benedetti (F)
Jan C Beucke (JC)
Irene Bollettini (I)
Anushree Bose (A)
Daniel Brandeis (D)
Silvia Brem (S)
Brian P Brennan (BP)
Jan Buitelaar (J)
Geraldo F Busatto (GF)
Anna Calvo (A)
Rosa Calvo (R)
Yuqi Cheng (Y)
Kang Ik K Cho (KIK)
Valentina Ciullo (V)
Sara Dallaspezia (S)
Damiaan Denys (D)
Froukje E de Vries (FE)
Stella J de Wit (SJ)
Erin Dickie (E)
Renate Drechsler (R)
Benjamin A Ely (BA)
Madalena Esteves (M)
Andrea Falini (A)
Yu Fang (Y)
Jamie Feusner (J)
Martijn Figee (M)
Kate D Fitzgerald (KD)
Martine Fontaine (M)
Jean-Paul Fouche (JP)
Egill A Fridgeirsson (EA)
Patricia Gruner (P)
Deniz A Gürsel (DA)
Geoff Hall (G)
Sayo Hamatani (S)
Gregory L Hanna (GL)
Bjarne Hansen (B)
Tobias U Hauser (TU)
Yoshiyuki Hirano (Y)
Marcelo Q Hoexter (MQ)
Hao Hu (H)
Chaim Huyser (C)
Keisuke Ikari (K)
Neda Jahanshad (N)
Anthony James (A)
Fern Jaspers-Fayer (F)
Norbert Kathmann (N)
Christian Kaufmann (C)
Kathrin Koch (K)
Masaru Kuno (M)
Gerd Kvale (G)
Jun Soo Kwon (JS)
Luisa Lazaro (L)
Yanni Liu (Y)
Christine Lochner (C)
Ricardo Magalhães (R)
Paulo Marques (P)
Rachel Marsh (R)
Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín (I)
Yasutaka Masuda (Y)
David Mataix-Cols (D)
Koji Matsumoto (K)
James T McCracken (JT)
José M Menchón (JM)
Euripedes C Miguel (EC)
Luciano Minuzzi (L)
Pedro S Moreira (PS)
Astrid Morer (A)
Pedro Morgado (P)
Akiko Nakagawa (A)
Takashi Nakamae (T)
Tomohiro Nakao (T)
Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy (JC)
Jin Narumoto (J)
Seiji Nishida (S)
Erika L Nurmi (EL)
Joseph O'Neill (J)
Jose C Pariente (JC)
Chris Perriello (C)
John Piacentini (J)
Fabrizio Piras (F)
Federica Piras (F)
Christopher Pittenger (C)
Sara Poletti (S)
Y C Janardhan Reddy (YCJ)
Tim Reess (T)
Oana Georgiana Rus-Oswald (OG)
Yuki Sakai (Y)
Joao R Sato (JR)
Lianne Schmaal (L)
Eiji Shimizu (E)
H Blair Simpson (HB)
Noam Soreni (N)
Carles Soriano-Mas (C)
Nuno Sousa (N)
Gianfranco Spalletta (G)
Emily R Stern (ER)
Michael C Stevens (MC)
S Evelyn Stewart (SE)
Philip R Szeszko (PR)
Jumpei Takahashi (J)
Jinsong Tang (J)
Anders Lillevik Thorsen (AL)
David F Tolin (DF)
Aki Tsuchiyagaito (A)
Daan van Rooij (D)
Guido A van Wingen (GA)
Ysbrand D van der Werf (YD)
Dick J Veltman (DJ)
Daniela Vecchio (D)
Ganesan Venkatasubramanian (G)
Susanne Walitza (S)
Zhen Wang (Z)
Anri Watanabe (A)
Jian Xu (J)
Xiufeng Xu (X)
Kei Yamada (K)
Tokiko Yoshida (T)
Je-Yeon Yun (JY)
Mojtaba Zarei (M)
Qing Zhao (Q)
Cong Zhou (C)
Paul M Thompson (PM)
Dan J Stein (DJ)
Odile A van den Heuvel (OA)
Clyde Francks (C)

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2019 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Auteurs

Xiang-Zhen Kong (XZ)

Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: xiangzhen.kong@outlook.com.

Premika S W Boedhoe (PSW)

Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Yoshinari Abe (Y)

Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.

Pino Alonso (P)

Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Stephanie H Ameis (SH)

The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Alberta; Centre for Brain and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Alberta.

Paul D Arnold (PD)

Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.

Francesca Assogna (F)

Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.

Justin T Baker (JT)

McLean Hopsital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Marcelo C Batistuzzo (MC)

Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Francesco Benedetti (F)

Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.

Jan C Beucke (JC)

Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Irene Bollettini (I)

Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.

Anushree Bose (A)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.

Silvia Brem (S)

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Brian P Brennan (BP)

McLean Hopsital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Jan Buitelaar (J)

Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Rosa Calvo (R)

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.

Yuqi Cheng (Y)

Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Kang Ik K Cho (KIK)

Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Sara Dallaspezia (S)

Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.

Damiaan Denys (D)

Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Benjamin A Ely (BA)

Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York.

Jamie Feusner (J)

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles.

Kate D Fitzgerald (KD)

Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Jean-Paul Fouche (JP)

Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.

Egill A Fridgeirsson (EA)

Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

David C Glahn (DC)

Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut; Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut.

Patricia Gruner (P)

Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut.

Deniz A Gürsel (DA)

Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC) of Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.

Tobias U Hauser (TU)

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Yoshiyuki Hirano (Y)

Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.

Marcelo Q Hoexter (MQ)

Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Hao Hu (H)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Chaim Huyser (C)

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Anthony James (A)

Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Fern Jaspers-Fayer (F)

University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Norbert Kathmann (N)

Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Christian Kaufmann (C)

Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Kathrin Koch (K)

Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC) of Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.

Masaru Kuno (M)

Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.

Gerd Kvale (G)

OCD Team, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Jun Soo Kwon (JS)

Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Luisa Lazaro (L)

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.

Yanni Liu (Y)

Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Christine Lochner (C)

SU/UCT MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.

Paulo Marques (P)

Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.

Rachel Marsh (R)

Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York; The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York.

Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín (I)

Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

David Mataix-Cols (D)

Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Sarah E Medland (SE)

Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland.

José M Menchón (JM)

Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Luciano Minuzzi (L)

Mood Disorders Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Pedro S Moreira (PS)

Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.

Astrid Morer (A)

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.

Pedro Morgado (P)

Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.

Akiko Nakagawa (A)

Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.

Takashi Nakamae (T)

Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.

Tomohiro Nakao (T)

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy (JC)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.

Erika L Nurmi (EL)

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles.

Joseph O'Neill (J)

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles.

Jose C Pariente (JC)

Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Chris Perriello (C)

McLean Hopsital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.

John Piacentini (J)

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles.

Fabrizio Piras (F)

Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.

Federica Piras (F)

Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.

Christopher Pittenger (C)

Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut.

Y C Janardhan Reddy (YCJ)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.

Oana Georgiana Rus-Oswald (OG)

University of Zürich, University Hospital Zürich; Department of Neuroradiology, Zürich, Switzerland.

Yuki Sakai (Y)

Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan.

Joao R Sato (JR)

Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil.

Lianne Schmaal (L)

Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

H Blair Simpson (HB)

Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York; Center for OCD and Related Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.

Noam Soreni (N)

Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Carles Soriano-Mas (C)

Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Gianfranco Spalletta (G)

Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Emily R Stern (ER)

Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York.

Michael C Stevens (MC)

Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut.

S Evelyn Stewart (SE)

Department of Psychiatry, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia; Provincial Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Philip R Szeszko (PR)

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York.

David F Tolin (DF)

Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut.

Aki Tsuchiyagaito (A)

Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Daan van Rooij (D)

Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Guido A van Wingen (GA)

Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Ganesan Venkatasubramanian (G)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.

Zhen Wang (Z)

Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Je-Yeon Yun (JY)

Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Paul M Thompson (PM)

Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California.

Dan J Stein (DJ)

SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Odile A van den Heuvel (OA)

Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Clyde Francks (C)

Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: clyde.francks@mpi.nl.

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