Continuous Real-Time Tracking of a Quantum Phase Below the Standard Quantum Limit.

We propose a scheme for continuously measuring the evolving quantum phase of a collective spin composed of N pseudospins. Quantum nondemolition measurements of a lossy cavity mode interacting with an atomic ensemble are used to directly probe the phase of the collective atomic spin without converting it into a population difference. Unlike traditional Ramsey measurement sequences, our scheme allows for real-time tracking of time-varying signals. As a bonus, spin-squeezed states develop naturally, providing real-time phase estimation significantly more precise than the standard quantum limit of Δϕ_{SQL}=1/sqrt[N]  rad.