Effect of Universal Testing and Treatment on HIV Incidence - HPTN 071 (PopART).

Adolescent Adult Anti-Retroviral Agents / therapeutic use Female HIV Infections / diagnosis Humans Incidence Male Mass Drug Administration Mass Screening Prevalence South Africa / epidemiology Viral Load Young Adult Zambia / epidemiology

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
18 07 2019
Historique:
entrez: 18 7 2019
pubmed: 18 7 2019
medline: 28 7 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

A universal testing and treatment strategy is a potential approach to reduce the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, yet previous trial results are inconsistent. In the HPTN 071 (PopART) community-randomized trial conducted from 2013 through 2018, we randomly assigned 21 communities in Zambia and South Africa (total population, approximately 1 million) to group A (combination prevention intervention with universal antiretroviral therapy [ART]), group B (the prevention intervention with ART provided according to local guidelines [universal since 2016]), or group C (standard care). The prevention intervention included home-based HIV testing delivered by community workers, who also supported linkage to HIV care and ART adherence. The primary outcome, HIV incidence between months 12 and 36, was measured in a population cohort of approximately 2000 randomly sampled adults (18 to 44 years of age) per community. Viral suppression (<400 copies of HIV RNA per milliliter) was assessed in all HIV-positive participants at 24 months. The population cohort included 48,301 participants. Baseline HIV prevalence was 21% or 22% in each group. Between months 12 and 36, a total of 553 new HIV infections were observed during 39,702 person-years (1.4 per 100 person-years; women, 1.7; men, 0.8). The adjusted rate ratio for group A as compared with group C was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.18; P = 0.51) and for group B as compared with group C was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.55 to 0.88; P = 0.006). The percentage of HIV-positive participants with viral suppression at 24 months was 71.9% in group A, 67.5% in group B, and 60.2% in group C. The estimated percentage of HIV-positive adults in the community who were receiving ART at 36 months was 81% in group A and 80% in group B. A combination prevention intervention with ART provided according to local guidelines resulted in a 30% lower incidence of HIV infection than standard care. The lack of effect with universal ART was unanticipated and not consistent with the data on viral suppression. In this trial setting, universal testing and treatment reduced the population-level incidence of HIV infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; HPTN 071 [PopArt] ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01900977.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
A universal testing and treatment strategy is a potential approach to reduce the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, yet previous trial results are inconsistent.
METHODS
In the HPTN 071 (PopART) community-randomized trial conducted from 2013 through 2018, we randomly assigned 21 communities in Zambia and South Africa (total population, approximately 1 million) to group A (combination prevention intervention with universal antiretroviral therapy [ART]), group B (the prevention intervention with ART provided according to local guidelines [universal since 2016]), or group C (standard care). The prevention intervention included home-based HIV testing delivered by community workers, who also supported linkage to HIV care and ART adherence. The primary outcome, HIV incidence between months 12 and 36, was measured in a population cohort of approximately 2000 randomly sampled adults (18 to 44 years of age) per community. Viral suppression (<400 copies of HIV RNA per milliliter) was assessed in all HIV-positive participants at 24 months.
RESULTS
The population cohort included 48,301 participants. Baseline HIV prevalence was 21% or 22% in each group. Between months 12 and 36, a total of 553 new HIV infections were observed during 39,702 person-years (1.4 per 100 person-years; women, 1.7; men, 0.8). The adjusted rate ratio for group A as compared with group C was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.18; P = 0.51) and for group B as compared with group C was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.55 to 0.88; P = 0.006). The percentage of HIV-positive participants with viral suppression at 24 months was 71.9% in group A, 67.5% in group B, and 60.2% in group C. The estimated percentage of HIV-positive adults in the community who were receiving ART at 36 months was 81% in group A and 80% in group B.
CONCLUSIONS
A combination prevention intervention with ART provided according to local guidelines resulted in a 30% lower incidence of HIV infection than standard care. The lack of effect with universal ART was unanticipated and not consistent with the data on viral suppression. In this trial setting, universal testing and treatment reduced the population-level incidence of HIV infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; HPTN 071 [PopArt] ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01900977.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1814556 PMID: 31314965 PMC: PMC6587177
pubmed: 31314965
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1814556
pmc: PMC6587177
doi:

Substances chimiques

Anti-Retroviral Agents 0

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT01900977']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Pagination

207-218

Subventions

Organisme : NCRR NIH HHS
ID : R25 RR015600
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : UM1 AI068613
Pays : United States
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/R015600/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : UM1 AI068617
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : UM1 AI068619
Pays : United States
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/R010161/1
Pays : United Kingdom

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Auteurs

Richard J Hayes (RJ)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Deborah Donnell (D)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Sian Floyd (S)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Nomtha Mandla (N)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Justin Bwalya (J)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Kalpana Sabapathy (K)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Blia Yang (B)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Mwelwa Phiri (M)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Ab Schaap (A)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Susan H Eshleman (SH)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Estelle Piwowar-Manning (E)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Barry Kosloff (B)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Anelet James (A)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Timothy Skalland (T)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Ethan Wilson (E)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Lynda Emel (L)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

David Macleod (D)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Rory Dunbar (R)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Musonda Simwinga (M)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Nozizwe Makola (N)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Virginia Bond (V)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Graeme Hoddinott (G)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Ayana Moore (A)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Sam Griffith (S)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).
ORCID: 0000-0001-7057-3224

Nirupama Deshmane Sista (N)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Sten H Vermund (SH)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Wafaa El-Sadr (W)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

David N Burns (DN)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

James R Hargreaves (JR)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Katharina Hauck (K)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Christophe Fraser (C)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Kwame Shanaube (K)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Peter Bock (P)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Nulda Beyers (N)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Helen Ayles (H)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

Sarah Fidler (S)

From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (R.J.H., S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, A.S., B.K., D.M., V.B., J.R.H., H.A.), Imperial College London (K.H., S. Fidler), and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (S. Fidler), London, and the University of Oxford, Oxford (C.F.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (D.D., T.S., E.W., L.E.); the Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (N. Mandla, B.Y., A.J., R.D., N. Makola, G.H., P.B., N.B.); Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia (J.B., M.P., A.S., B.K., M.S., V.B., K. Shanaube, H.A.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (S.H.E., E.P.-M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.N.B.) - both in Maryland; FHI 360, Durham, NC (A.M., S.G., N.D.S.); the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (S.H.V.); and ICAP at Columbia University, New York (W.E.-S.).

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › Effect of Universal Testing and Treatment on...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Effect of Universal Testing and Treatment on...
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