HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a Community Health Approach in Rural Africa.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / diagnosis Adolescent Adult Anti-Retroviral Agents / therapeutic use Community Health Services Female HIV Infections / diagnosis Humans Incidence Kenya / epidemiology Male Mass Drug Administration Mass Screening Middle Aged Patient-Centered Care Prevalence Socioeconomic Factors Tuberculosis / diagnosis Uganda / epidemiology Viral Load Young Adult

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
18 07 2019
Historique:
entrez: 18 7 2019
pubmed: 18 7 2019
medline: 28 7 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) with annual population testing and a multidisease, patient-centered strategy could reduce new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and improve community health. We randomly assigned 32 rural communities in Uganda and Kenya to baseline HIV and multidisease testing and national guideline-restricted ART (control group) or to baseline testing plus annual testing, eligibility for universal ART, and patient-centered care (intervention group). The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of HIV infection at 3 years. Secondary end points included viral suppression, death, tuberculosis, hypertension control, and the change in the annual incidence of HIV infection (which was evaluated in the intervention group only). A total of 150,395 persons were included in the analyses. Population-level viral suppression among 15,399 HIV-infected persons was 42% at baseline and was higher in the intervention group than in the control group at 3 years (79% vs. 68%; relative prevalence, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.20). The annual incidence of HIV infection in the intervention group decreased by 32% over 3 years (from 0.43 to 0.31 cases per 100 person-years; relative rate, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.84). However, the 3-year cumulative incidence (704 incident HIV infections) did not differ significantly between the intervention group and the control group (0.77% and 0.81%, respectively; relative risk, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.17). Among HIV-infected persons, the risk of death by year 3 was 3% in the intervention group and 4% in the control group (0.99 vs. 1.29 deaths per 100 person-years; relative risk, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.93). The risk of HIV-associated tuberculosis or death by year 3 among HIV-infected persons was 4% in the intervention group and 5% in the control group (1.19 vs. 1.50 events per 100 person-years; relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.94). At 3 years, 47% of adults with hypertension in the intervention group and 37% in the control group had hypertension control (relative prevalence, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.39). Universal HIV treatment did not result in a significantly lower incidence of HIV infection than standard care, probably owing to the availability of comprehensive baseline HIV testing and the rapid expansion of ART eligibility in the control group. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; SEARCH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01864603.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) with annual population testing and a multidisease, patient-centered strategy could reduce new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and improve community health.
METHODS
We randomly assigned 32 rural communities in Uganda and Kenya to baseline HIV and multidisease testing and national guideline-restricted ART (control group) or to baseline testing plus annual testing, eligibility for universal ART, and patient-centered care (intervention group). The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of HIV infection at 3 years. Secondary end points included viral suppression, death, tuberculosis, hypertension control, and the change in the annual incidence of HIV infection (which was evaluated in the intervention group only).
RESULTS
A total of 150,395 persons were included in the analyses. Population-level viral suppression among 15,399 HIV-infected persons was 42% at baseline and was higher in the intervention group than in the control group at 3 years (79% vs. 68%; relative prevalence, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.20). The annual incidence of HIV infection in the intervention group decreased by 32% over 3 years (from 0.43 to 0.31 cases per 100 person-years; relative rate, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.84). However, the 3-year cumulative incidence (704 incident HIV infections) did not differ significantly between the intervention group and the control group (0.77% and 0.81%, respectively; relative risk, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.17). Among HIV-infected persons, the risk of death by year 3 was 3% in the intervention group and 4% in the control group (0.99 vs. 1.29 deaths per 100 person-years; relative risk, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.93). The risk of HIV-associated tuberculosis or death by year 3 among HIV-infected persons was 4% in the intervention group and 5% in the control group (1.19 vs. 1.50 events per 100 person-years; relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.94). At 3 years, 47% of adults with hypertension in the intervention group and 37% in the control group had hypertension control (relative prevalence, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.39).
CONCLUSIONS
Universal HIV treatment did not result in a significantly lower incidence of HIV infection than standard care, probably owing to the availability of comprehensive baseline HIV testing and the rapid expansion of ART eligibility in the control group. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; SEARCH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01864603.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1809866 PMID: 31314966 PMC: PMC6748325
pubmed: 31314966
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1809866
pmc: PMC6748325
mid: NIHMS1536861
doi:

Substances chimiques

Anti-Retroviral Agents 0

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT01864603']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Pagination

219-229

Subventions

Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : K23 MH114760
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : P30 MH062246
Pays : United States
Organisme : National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases undefined
ID : U01AI099959
Pays : International
Organisme : National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases undefined
ID : UM1AI068636
Pays : International
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : UM1 AI069496
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI074345
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : UM1 AI068636
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI099959
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : P30 AI027763
Pays : United States

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Auteurs

Diane V Havlir (DV)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Laura B Balzer (LB)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Edwin D Charlebois (ED)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Tamara D Clark (TD)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Dalsone Kwarisiima (D)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

James Ayieko (J)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Jane Kabami (J)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Norton Sang (N)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Teri Liegler (T)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Gabriel Chamie (G)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Carol S Camlin (CS)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Vivek Jain (V)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Kevin Kadede (K)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Mucunguzi Atukunda (M)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Theodore Ruel (T)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Starley B Shade (SB)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Emmanuel Ssemmondo (E)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Dathan M Byonanebye (DM)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Florence Mwangwa (F)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Asiphas Owaraganise (A)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Winter Olilo (W)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Douglas Black (D)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Katherine Snyman (K)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Rachel Burger (R)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Monica Getahun (M)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Jackson Achando (J)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Benard Awuonda (B)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Hellen Nakato (H)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Joel Kironde (J)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Samuel Okiror (S)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Harsha Thirumurthy (H)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Catherine Koss (C)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Lillian Brown (L)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Carina Marquez (C)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Joshua Schwab (J)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Geoff Lavoy (G)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Albert Plenty (A)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Erick Mugoma Wafula (E)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Patrick Omanya (P)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Yea-Hung Chen (YH)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

James F Rooney (JF)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Melanie Bacon (M)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Mark van der Laan (M)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Craig R Cohen (CR)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Elizabeth Bukusi (E)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Moses R Kamya (MR)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

Maya Petersen (M)

From the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies du système immunitaire › Déficits immunitaires › Infections à VIH › Infections opportunistes liées au SIDA › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Actions chimiques et utilisations › Actions pharmacologiques › Utilisations thérapeutiques › Anti-infectieux › Antiviraux › Antirétroviraux › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Établissements, main d'oeuvre et services de soins de santé › Services de santé › Services de santé communautaires › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies du système immunitaire › Déficits immunitaires › Infections à VIH › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Collecte de données › Registre civil › Morbidité › Incidence › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Afrique › Afrique subsaharienne › Afrique de l'Est › Kenya › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Pratiques en santé publique › Contrôle des maladies transmissibles › Administration massive de médicament › HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a...
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