Universal Testing, Expanded Treatment, and Incidence of HIV Infection in Botswana.

Adolescent Adult Anti-Retroviral Agents / therapeutic use Botswana / epidemiology Circumcision, Male / statistics & numerical data Female HIV Infections / diagnosis Humans Incidence Male Mass Drug Administration Mass Screening Middle Aged Proportional Hazards Models Rural Population Socioeconomic Factors Viral Load Young Adult

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
18 07 2019
Historique:
entrez: 18 7 2019
pubmed: 18 7 2019
medline: 28 7 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The feasibility of reducing the population-level incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by increasing community coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and male circumcision is unknown. We conducted a pair-matched, community-randomized trial in 30 rural or periurban communities in Botswana from 2013 to 2018. Participants in 15 villages in the intervention group received HIV testing and counseling, linkage to care, ART (started at a higher CD4 count than in standard care), and increased access to male circumcision services. The standard-care group also consisted of 15 villages. Universal ART became available in both groups in mid-2016. We enrolled a random sample of participants from approximately 20% of households in each community and measured the incidence of HIV infection through testing performed approximately once per year. The prespecified primary analysis was a permutation test of HIV incidence ratios. Pair-stratified Cox models were used to calculate 95% confidence intervals. Of 12,610 enrollees (81% of eligible household members), 29% were HIV-positive. Of the 8974 HIV-negative persons (4487 per group), 95% were retested for HIV infection over a median of 29 months. A total of 57 participants in the intervention group and 90 participants in the standard-care group acquired HIV infection (annualized HIV incidence, 0.59% and 0.92%, respectively). The unadjusted HIV incidence ratio in the intervention group as compared with the standard-care group was 0.69 (P = 0.09) by permutation test (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.90 by pair-stratified Cox model). An end-of-trial survey in six communities (three per group) showed a significantly greater increase in the percentage of HIV-positive participants with an HIV-1 RNA level of 400 copies per milliliter or less in the intervention group (18 percentage points, from 70% to 88%) than in the standard-care group (8 percentage points, from 75% to 83%) (relative risk, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.16). The percentage of men who underwent circumcision increased by 10 percentage points in the intervention group and 2 percentage points in the standard-care group (relative risk, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.35). Expanded HIV testing, linkage to care, and ART coverage were associated with increased population viral suppression. (Funded by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and others; Ya Tsie ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01965470.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
The feasibility of reducing the population-level incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by increasing community coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and male circumcision is unknown.
METHODS
We conducted a pair-matched, community-randomized trial in 30 rural or periurban communities in Botswana from 2013 to 2018. Participants in 15 villages in the intervention group received HIV testing and counseling, linkage to care, ART (started at a higher CD4 count than in standard care), and increased access to male circumcision services. The standard-care group also consisted of 15 villages. Universal ART became available in both groups in mid-2016. We enrolled a random sample of participants from approximately 20% of households in each community and measured the incidence of HIV infection through testing performed approximately once per year. The prespecified primary analysis was a permutation test of HIV incidence ratios. Pair-stratified Cox models were used to calculate 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS
Of 12,610 enrollees (81% of eligible household members), 29% were HIV-positive. Of the 8974 HIV-negative persons (4487 per group), 95% were retested for HIV infection over a median of 29 months. A total of 57 participants in the intervention group and 90 participants in the standard-care group acquired HIV infection (annualized HIV incidence, 0.59% and 0.92%, respectively). The unadjusted HIV incidence ratio in the intervention group as compared with the standard-care group was 0.69 (P = 0.09) by permutation test (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.90 by pair-stratified Cox model). An end-of-trial survey in six communities (three per group) showed a significantly greater increase in the percentage of HIV-positive participants with an HIV-1 RNA level of 400 copies per milliliter or less in the intervention group (18 percentage points, from 70% to 88%) than in the standard-care group (8 percentage points, from 75% to 83%) (relative risk, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.16). The percentage of men who underwent circumcision increased by 10 percentage points in the intervention group and 2 percentage points in the standard-care group (relative risk, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.35).
CONCLUSIONS
Expanded HIV testing, linkage to care, and ART coverage were associated with increased population viral suppression. (Funded by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and others; Ya Tsie ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01965470.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812281 PMID: 31314967 PMC: PMC6800102
pubmed: 31314967
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812281
pmc: PMC6800102
mid: NIHMS1536859
doi:

Substances chimiques

Anti-Retroviral Agents 0

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT01965470']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Pagination

230-242

Subventions

Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : K23 AI091434
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI127271
Pays : United States
Organisme : ACL HHS
ID : U2GGH001911
Pays : United States
Organisme : CGH CDC HHS
ID : U01 GH000447
Pays : United States
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 107752/Z/15/Z
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : FIC NIH HHS
ID : D43 TW009610
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R37 AI051164
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : K23 HD070774
Pays : United States
Organisme : FIC NIH HHS
ID : D43 TW000004
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCI NIH HHS
ID : R01 CA236546
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI104459
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCI NIH HHS
ID : R01 CA222147
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : K24 AI131928
Pays : United States
Organisme : CGH CDC HHS
ID : U2G GH001911
Pays : United States
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
Pays : United Kingdom

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Auteurs

Joseph Makhema (J)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Kathleen E Wirth (KE)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Molly Pretorius Holme (M)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Tendani Gaolathe (T)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Mompati Mmalane (M)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Etienne Kadima (E)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Unoda Chakalisa (U)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Kara Bennett (K)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Jean Leidner (J)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Kutlo Manyake (K)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Atang M Mbikiwa (AM)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Selebaleng V Simon (SV)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Rona Letlhogile (R)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Kutlwano Mukokomani (K)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Erik van Widenfelt (E)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Sikhulile Moyo (S)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Refeletswe Lebelonyane (R)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Mary G Alwano (MG)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Kathleen M Powis (KM)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Scott L Dryden-Peterson (SL)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Coulson Kgathi (C)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Vlad Novitsky (V)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Janet Moore (J)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Pamela Bachanas (P)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

William Abrams (W)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Lisa Block (L)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Shenaaz El-Halabi (S)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Tafireyi Marukutira (T)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Lisa A Mills (LA)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Connie Sexton (C)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Elliot Raizes (E)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Simani Gaseitsiwe (S)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Hermann Bussmann (H)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Lillian Okui (L)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Oaitse John (O)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Roger L Shapiro (RL)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Sherri Pals (S)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Haben Michael (H)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Michelle Roland (M)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Victor DeGruttola (V)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Quanhong Lei (Q)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Rui Wang (R)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen (E)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

M Essex (M)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

Shahin Lockman (S)

From the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (J. Makhema, T.G., M.M., E.K., U.C., K. Manyake, A.M.M., S.V.S., R. Letlhogile, K. Mukokomani, E.W., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., C.K., S.G., H.B., L.O., O.J., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (R. Lebelonyane, S.E.-H.), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.G.A., W.A., T.M., L.A.M., M.R.), Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.E.W., M.P.H., S.M., K.M.P., S.L.D.-P., V.N., S.G., R.L.S., H.M., V.D., Q.L., R.W., E.T.T., M.E., S.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital (K.M.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.L.D.-P., S.L.), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute (R.W.), Boston; Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, NY (K.B.); Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK (J.L.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (J. Moore, P.B., L.B., C.S., E.R., S.P.) and Intellectual Concepts (L.B.), Atlanta; and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.T.T.).

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › Universal Testing, Expanded Treatment, and...
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