Self-medication in pain management: The state of the art of pharmacists' role for optimal Over-The-Counter analgesic use.
Journal
European journal of pain (London, England)
ISSN: 1532-2149
Titre abrégé: Eur J Pain
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9801774
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
11 2019
11 2019
Historique:
received:
03
10
2018
revised:
01
05
2019
accepted:
20
07
2019
pubmed:
28
7
2019
medline:
16
7
2020
entrez:
27
7
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Self-medication is associated with an important utilization of Over-The-Counter (OTC) analgesics. The medical outcome resulting from therapeutic options bypassing the physician prescription is a major issue. In that context, pharmacists are expected to play a crucial role. The main objective of this review was to analyse the state-of-the art of pharmacists' role in pain management self-medication. An expert multidisciplinary group dedicated to self-medication in pain was established. Selection of publications was performed from PubMedand EMBASE databases which was based on the use of "pain" and/or "self-medication" and/or "self-care" and/or "analgesics" and/or "painkillers" keywords, restricted to the past 10 years. A total of 480 papers were identified, 49 of which papers were considered relevant and finally kept for final discussion, on OTC pain management and pharmacist's role. Literature analysis demonstrates that OTC analgesics are generally safe when appropriately used. Risks associated with misuse or inappropriateness depend on patients' vulnerability (elderly, pregnancy) or behaviour. Social cognitive theory-based intervention and multimedia applications improve self-medication but do not replace health care professional advice Pharmacists' interventions may improve the benefits and safety of OTC analgesic medication, with a better management of pain. Considering the heterogeneity of patients' knowledge and behaviour reported worldwide, inappropriate use of OTC pain medication should not be underestimated. Community pharmacists are ideally placed to guide self-medication or recommend a medical advice when needed. Embedding pharmacists in primary care pain management is essential and pharmacist-led medication coupled with an appropriate training of pharmacy staffs should be encouraged. Analgesics are widely used without prescription, all over the world. They represent the largest market of OTC drugs, with an overall benefit/risk ratio favourable when appropriately used. Because of potential individual risks associated to the ailment or to the patient's behaviour, pharmacists' interventions have proven to optimize analgesic self-medication, provided that pharmacy staffs are both available and more specifically trained. In the future, in pain management, especially self-medication, pharmacists should play an increasing role and should be included in educational programmes and pain management guidelines.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Self-medication is associated with an important utilization of Over-The-Counter (OTC) analgesics. The medical outcome resulting from therapeutic options bypassing the physician prescription is a major issue. In that context, pharmacists are expected to play a crucial role. The main objective of this review was to analyse the state-of-the art of pharmacists' role in pain management self-medication.
DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT
An expert multidisciplinary group dedicated to self-medication in pain was established. Selection of publications was performed from PubMedand EMBASE databases which was based on the use of "pain" and/or "self-medication" and/or "self-care" and/or "analgesics" and/or "painkillers" keywords, restricted to the past 10 years.
RESULTS
A total of 480 papers were identified, 49 of which papers were considered relevant and finally kept for final discussion, on OTC pain management and pharmacist's role. Literature analysis demonstrates that OTC analgesics are generally safe when appropriately used. Risks associated with misuse or inappropriateness depend on patients' vulnerability (elderly, pregnancy) or behaviour. Social cognitive theory-based intervention and multimedia applications improve self-medication but do not replace health care professional advice Pharmacists' interventions may improve the benefits and safety of OTC analgesic medication, with a better management of pain.
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the heterogeneity of patients' knowledge and behaviour reported worldwide, inappropriate use of OTC pain medication should not be underestimated. Community pharmacists are ideally placed to guide self-medication or recommend a medical advice when needed. Embedding pharmacists in primary care pain management is essential and pharmacist-led medication coupled with an appropriate training of pharmacy staffs should be encouraged.
SIGNIFICANCE
Analgesics are widely used without prescription, all over the world. They represent the largest market of OTC drugs, with an overall benefit/risk ratio favourable when appropriately used. Because of potential individual risks associated to the ailment or to the patient's behaviour, pharmacists' interventions have proven to optimize analgesic self-medication, provided that pharmacy staffs are both available and more specifically trained. In the future, in pain management, especially self-medication, pharmacists should play an increasing role and should be included in educational programmes and pain management guidelines.
Substances chimiques
Analgesics
0
Nonprescription Drugs
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1747-1762Subventions
Organisme : UPSA
Pays : International
Informations de copyright
© 2019 European Pain Federation - EFIC®.
Références
Abdi, A., Faraji, A., Dehghan, F., & Khatony, A. (2018). Prevalence of self-medication practice among health sciences students in Kermanshah. Iran. BMC Pharmacology Toxicology, 19(1), 36.
Asseray, N., Ballereau, F., Trombert-Paviot, B., Bouget, J., Foucher, N., Renaud, B., … Queneau P. (2013). Frequency and severity of adverse drug reactions due to self-medication: A cross-sectional multicentre survey in emergency departments. Drug Safety, 36, 1159-1168.
Association of the European Self-Medication Industry (AESGP). (2017). Self-care agenda 2020. Retrieved from http://www.aesgp.eu/media/cms_page_media/
Bagg, M. K., McLachlan, A. J., Maher, C. G., Kamper, S. J., Williams, C. M., Henschke, N., … McAuley, J. H. (2018). Paracetamol, NSAIDS and opioid analgesics for chronic low back pain: A network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013045. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013045
Bell, J., Dziekan, G., Pollack, C., & Mahachai, V. (2016). Self-care in the twenty first century: A vital role for the pharmacist. Advances in Therapy, 33, 1691-1703.
Breivik, H., Eisenberg, E., O'Brien, T.; OPENMinds. (2013). The individual and societal burden of chronic pain in Europe: The case for strategic prioritisation and action to improve knowledge and availability of appropriate care. BMC Public Health, 13, 1229.
Brlić, K. Č., Janev, H. N., Sović, S., & Štimac, D. (2014). Characteristics of self-medication for pain relief among first-year health care students in Zagreb, Croatia. Psychiatr Danub, 26, 459-465.
Carrasco-Garrido, P., de Andrés, A. L., Barrera, V. H., Jiménez-Trujillo, I., Fernandez-de-Las-Peñas, C., Palacios-Ceña, D., … Jiménez-García, R. (2014). Predictive factors of self-medicated analgesic use in Spanish adults: a cross-sectional national study. BMC Pharmacology Toxicology, 15, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-6511-15-36.
Chang, J., Lizer, A., Patel, I., Bhatia, D., Tan, X., & Balkrishnan, R. (2016). Prescription to over-the-counter switches in the United States. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice, 5, 149-154.
Chou, R., Turner, J. A., Devine, E. B., Hansen, R. N., Sullivan, S. D., Blazina, I., … Deyo, R. A. (2015). The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: A systematic review for a national institutes of health pathways to prevention workshop. Annals of Internal Medicine, 162, 276-286.
Ciciriello, S., Johnston, R. V., Osborne, R. H., Wicks, I., deKroo, T., Clerehan, R., … Buchbinder, R. (2013). Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over-the-counter medications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, CD008416.
Cox, N., Tak, C. R., Cochella, S. E., Leishman, E., & Gunning, K. (2018). Impact of pharmacist previsit input to providers on chronic opioid prescribing safety. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 31, 105-112.
Dale, O., Borchgrevink, P. C., Fredheim, O. M., Mahic, M., Romundstad, P., & Skurtveit, S. (2015). Prevalence of use of nonprescription analgesics in the Norwegian HUNT3 population: Impact of gender, age, exercise and prescription of opioids. BMC Public Health, 15, 461. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1774-6.
da Rocha, C. E., Bispo, M. L., dos Santos, A. C., Mesquita, A. R., Brito, G. C., & de Lyra, D. P. Jr. (2015). Assessment of community pharmacists' counseling practices with simulated patients who have minor illness: A pilot study. Simul Healthc, 10, 227-238.
da Rocha, C. E., Lessa, F. A., Venceslau, D. O., Sakuraba, C. S., Barros, I. M., & de Lyra, D. P. Jr. (2016). Development of a decision support system for the practice of responsible self-medication. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 38, 152-161.
de Boer, M. J., Struys, M. M., & Versteegen, G. J. (2012). Pain-related catastrophizing in pain patients and people with pain in the general population. European Journal of Pain, 16, 1044-1052.
Domingues, P. H. F., Galvão, T. F., Andrade, K. R. C., Araújo, P. C., Silva, M. T., & Pereira, M. G. (2017). Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication in adults living in the Federal District, Brazil: A cross-sectional, population-based study. Epidemiologia E Servi De Saude, 26, 319-330.
Downes, J. M., Klepser, D. G., Foster, J., & Nelson, M. (2018). Development of a standardized approach for managing opioids in adults with chronic noncancer pain. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, 75, 321-326.
Eickhoff, C., Hämmerlein, A., Griese, N., & Schulz, M. (2012). Nature and frequency of drug-related problems in self-medication (over-the-counter drugs) in daily community pharmacy practice in Germany. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 21, 254-260.
Elbers, S., Wittink, H., Pool, J. J. M., & Smeets, R. J. E. M. (2018). The effectiveness of generic self-management interventions for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain on physical function, self-efficacy, pain intensity, and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Pain, 22(9), 1577-1596. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1253
FDA. (2019). Understanding Over-The-Counter medicines.
Freytag, A., Quinzler, R., Freitag, M., Bickel, H., Fuchs, A., Hansen, H., … Schön, G. (2014). Use and potential risks of over-the-counter analgesics. Schmerz, 28, 175-182.
Fry, R. B., Ray, M. N., Cobaugh, D. J., Weissman, N. W., Kiefe, C. I., Shewchuk, R. M., … Allison, J. J. (2007). Racial/ethnic disparities in patient-reported nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) risk awareness, patient-doctor NSAID risk communication, and NSAID risk behaviour. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 57, 1539-1545.
Gammaitoni, A. R., Gallagher, R. M., Welz, M., Gracely, E. J., Knowlton, C. H., & Voltis-Thomas, O. (2000). Palliative pharmaceutical care: A randomized, prospective study of telephone-based prescription and medication counseling services for treating chronic pain. Pain Med, 1, 317-331.
GAP Taskforce on Self Care. (2015). Towards Responsible Self Care: The Role of Health Literacy, Pharmacy and Non-Prescription Medicines. Final Report.
Garg, S., Garg, D., Turin, T. C., & Chowdhury, M. F. (2016). Web-based interventions for chronic back pain: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18, e139.
Gedeborg, R., Svennblad, B., Holm, L., Sjögren, H., Bardage, C., Personne, M., … Zethelius, B. (2017). Increased availability of paracetamol in Sweden and incidence of paracetamol poisoning: using laboratory data to increase validity of a population-based registry study. Pharmacoepidemiology Drug Safety, 26, 518-527.
Gelayee, D. A. (2017). Self-medication pattern among social science university students in Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Pharmaceutic (Cairo), 2017, 8680714. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8680714
Giannitrapani, K. F., Glassman, P. A., Vang, D., McKelvey, J. C., Thomas, D. R., Dobscha, S. K., & Lorenz, K. A. (2018). Expanding the role of clinical pharmacists on interdisciplinary primary care teams for chronic pain and opioid management. BMC Family Practice, 19, 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0783-9
Gilmartin-Thomas, J. F. M., Bell, J. S., Liew, D., Arnold, C. A., Buchbinder, R., Chapman, C., …Gowan, J. (2018). Chronic pain medication management of older populations: Key points from a national conference and innovative opportunities for pharmacy practice. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. pii: S1551-7411(17)30669-1.
Gore, M., Dukes, E., Rowbotham, D. J., Tai, K. S., & Leslie, D. (2007). Clinical characteristics and pain management among patients with painful peripheral neuropathic disorders in general practice settings. European Journal of Pain, 11, 652-664.
Graham-Clarke, E., Rushton, A., Noblet, T., & Marriott, J. (2018). Facilitators and barriers to non-medical prescribing - A systematic review and thematic synthesis. PLoS ONE, 13, e0196471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196471
Gualano, M. R., Bert, F., Passi, S., Stillo, M., Galis, V., Manzoli, L., & Siliquini, R. (2015). Use of self-medication among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 444-450.
Hadi, M. A., Alldred, D. P., Briggs, M., Munyombwe, T., & Closs, S. J. (2014). Effectiveness of pharmacist-led medication review in chronic pain management: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Journal of Pain, 30, 1006-1014.
Hay, E. M., Foster, N. E., Thomas, E., Peat, G., Phelan, M., Yates, H. E., … Sim, J. (2006). Effectiveness of community physiotherapy and enhanced pharmacy review for knee pain in people aged over 55 presenting to primary care: Pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ, 333, 995.
Hider-Mlynarz, K., Cavalié, P., & Maison, P. (2018). Trends in analgesic consumption in France over the last 10 years and comparison of patterns across Europe. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84, 1324-1334. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13564
Horvat, N., Koder, M., & Kos, M. (2012). Using the simulated patient methodology to assess paracetamol-related counselling for headache. PLoS ONE, 7, e52510.
Jacobs, S. C., Son, E. K., Tat, C., Chiao, P., Dulay, M., & Ludwig, A. (2016). Implementing an opioid risk assessment telephone clinic: Outcomes from a pharmacist-led initiative in a large Veterans Health Administration primary care clinic, December 15, 2014-March 31, 2015. Substance Abuse, 37, 15-19.
James, D. H., & French, D. P. (2014). The development of the Self-Medicating Scale (SMS): A scale to measure people's beliefs about self-medication. Pharmacy World & Science, 30, 794-800.
Jerez-Roig, J., Medeiros, L. F., Silva, V. A., Bezerra, C. L., Cavalcante, L. A., Piuvezam, G., & Souza, D. L., (2014). Prevalence of self-medication and associated factors in an elderly population: a systematic review. Drugs Aging, 31(12), 883-896.
Jonas, W. B. (2014). Why self-care pain medicine? Pain Medicine, 15, S1-S3.
Jouini, G., Choinière, M., Martin, E., Perreault, S., Berbiche, D., Lussier, D., … Lalonde, L. (2014). Pharmacotherapeutic management of chronic noncancer pain in primary care: Lessons for pharmacists. Journal of Pain Research, 7, 163-173.
Kochhar A., & Gupta T. (2017). Pattern of Self Prescribed Analgesic Use in a Rural Area of Delhi: Exploring the Potential Role of Internet. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research for doctors, 11(7), UC04-UC07.
Knoerl, D. V., Faut-Callahan, M., Paice, J., & Shott, S. (1999). Preoperative PCA teaching program to manage postoperative pain. Medsurg Nursing, 8, 25-33.
Kristoffersen, E. S., Straand, J., Vetvik, K. G., Benth, J. Š., Russell, M. B., & Lundqvist, C. (2015). Brief intervention for medication-overuse headache in primary care. The BIMOH study: A double-blind pragmatic cluster randomised parallel controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 86, 505-512.
Machado-Alba, J. E., Echeverri-Cataño, L. F., Londoño-Builes, M. J., Moreno-Gutiérrez, P. A., Ochoa-Orozco, S. A., & Ruiz-Villa, J. O. (2014). Social, cultural and economic factors associated with self-medication. Biomedica, 3, 580-588.
Markotic, F., Jurisic, D., Curkovic, M., Puljiz, M., Novinscak, M., Bonassin, K., … Tomicic, M. (2018). Sharing of prescription analgesics amongst patients in family practice: Frequency and associated factors. European Journal of Pain, 2018(22), 716-727.
Marra, C. A., Cibere, J., Grubisic, M., Grindrod, K. A., Gastonguay, L., Thomas, J. M., … Esdaile, J. M. (2012). Pharmacist-initiated intervention trial in osteoarthritis: A multidisciplinary intervention for knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research, 64, 1837-1845.
McDermott, M. E., Smith, B. H., Elliott, A. M., Bond, C. M., Hannaford, P. C., & Chambers, W. A. (2006). The use of medication for chronic pain in primary care, and the potential for intervention by a practice-based pharmacist. Family Practice, 23, 46-52.
Mehuys, E., Crombez, G., Paemeleire, K., Adriaens, E., Van Hees, T., Demarche, S., … Boussery, K. (2019). Self-medication with over-the-counter analgesics: A survey of patient characteristics and concerns about pain medication. The Journal of Pain, 20, 215-223.
Moberg, K. (2018). The role of managed care professionals and pharmacists in combating opioid abuse. The American Journal of Managed Care, 24, S215-S223.
Moore, A., Crossley, A., Ng, B., Phillips, L., Sancak, Ö., & Rainsford, K. D. (2017). Use of multicriteria decision analysis for assessing the benefit and risk of over-the-counter analgesics. Journal of Pharmacy Pharmacology, 69, 1364-1373.
Moore, R. A., Wiffen, P. J., Derry, S., Maguire, T., Roy, Y. M., & Tyrrell, L. (2015). Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain-an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 4, CD010794.
Náfrádi, L., Nakamoto, K., Schulz, P. J. (2017). Is patient empowerment the key to promote adherence? A systematic review of the relationship between self-efficacy, health locus of control and medication adherence. PLoS ONE, 12, e0186458.
Neilson, A. R., Bruhn, H., Bond, C. M., Elliott, A. M., Smith, B. H., Hannaford, P. C., … McNamee, P. (2015). Pharmacist-led management of chronic pain in primary care: Costs and benefits in a pilot randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal Open, 5, e006874.
Nielsen. (2009). The Changing Landscape -A Multi-Country Study Undertaken with AESGP. Online Survey In 50 Countries Fieldwork March/April 2009.
Rahman, Q. A., Janmohamed, T., Pirbaglou, M., Ritvo, P., Heffernan, J. M., Clarke, H., & Katz, J. (2017). Patterns of user engagement with the mobile app, manage my pain: Results of a data mining investigation. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 5, e96.
Riva, S., Camerini, A. L., Allam, A., & Schulz, P. J. (2014). Interactive sections of an Internet-based intervention increase empowerment of chronic back pain patients: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e180.
Roberts, E., Delgado, N. V., Buckner, S., Latchem, S., Constanti, M., Miller, P., … Dziedzic, K. (2016). Paracetamol: Not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 75, 552-559.
Rogers, E. R., & King, S. R. (2013). Intervention based on social cognitive theory: Evaluating adolescents’ knowledge of OTC pain medications. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 53, 30-38.
Roussin, A., Bouyssi, A., Pouché, L., Pourcel, L., & Lapeyre-Mestre, M. (2013). Misuse and dependence on non-prescription codeine analgesics or sedative H1 antihistamines by adults: A cross-sectional investigation in France. PLoS ONE, 8, e76499.
Samuelsen, P. J., Nielsen, C. S., Wilsgaard, T., Stubhaug, A., Svendsen, K., & Eggen, A. E. (2017). Pain sensitivity and analgesic use among 10,486 adults: The Tromsø study. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 18, 45.
Sarganas, G., Buttery, A. K., Zhuang, W., Wolf, I. K., Grams, D., Rosario, A. S., … Knopf, H. (2015). Prevalence, trends, patterns and associations of analgesic use in Germany. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 16, 28.
Severin, A. E., Petitpain, N., Scala-Bertola, J., Latarche, C., Yelehe-Okouma, M., Di Patrizio, P., & Gillet, P. (2016). Good use and knowledge of paracetamol (acetaminophen) among self-medicated patients: Prospective study in community pharmacies]. Therapie, 71, 287-296.
Stosic, R., Dunagan, F., Palmer, H., Fowler, T., & Adams, I. (2011). Responsible self-medication: Perceived risks and benefits of over-the-counter analgesic use. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 19, 236-245.
Tewell, R., Edgerton, L., & Kyle, E. (2018). Establishment of a pharmacist-led service for patients at high risk for opioid overdose. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, 75, 376-383.
Tong, V., Raynor, D. K., & Aslani, P. (2014). Design and comprehensibility of over-the-counter product labels and leaflets: A narrative review. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 36, 865-872.
Vallerand, A. H., Fouladbakhsh, J., & Templin, T. (2005). Patients' choices for the self-treatment of pain. Applied Nursing Research, 18, 90-96.
Verstappen, G. M., Smolders, E. J., Munster, J. M., Aarnoudse, J. G., & Hak, E. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of over-the-counter medication use among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 13, 185.
Wager, J., Stahlschmidt, L., Heuer, F., Troche, S., & Zernikow, B. (2018). The impact of a short educational movie on promoting chronic pain health literacy in school: A feasibility study. European Journal of Pain, 22(6), 1142-1150. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1202
Westerlund, T., Barzi, S., & Bernsten, C. (2017). Consumer views on safety of over-the-counter drugs, preferred retailers and information sources in Sweden: After re-regulation of the pharmacy market. Pharmacy Practice (Granada), 15, 894.
Weyrich, L. S., Duchene, S., Soubrier, J., Arriola, L., Llamas, B.,Breen, J., … Farrell, M. (2017). Neanderthal behaviour, diet, and disease inferred from ancient DNA in dental calculus. Nature, 544, 357-361.
White, P. F. (2017). What are the advantages of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of acute and chronic pain? Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 18, 329-333.
Wilcox, C. M., Cryer, B., & Triadafilopoulos, G. (2005). Patterns of use and public perception of over-the-counter pain relievers: Focus on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Journal of Rheumatology, 32, 2218-2224.
Woodcock, J. (2009). A difficult balance-pain management, drug safety, and the FDA. New England Journal of Medicine, 361, 2105-2107.
World Health Organization. (1998). The role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jwhozip32e/