A Study on exfoliation of Expanded Graphite Stacks in Candelilla Wax.
attenuation
candelilla wax
crystallization
dynamic mechanical analysis
exfoliation
graphite
nanocomposite
paraffin wax
rheology
sound velocity
Journal
Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 1996-1944
Titre abrégé: Materials (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101555929
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 Aug 2019
08 Aug 2019
Historique:
received:
27
06
2019
revised:
30
07
2019
accepted:
01
08
2019
entrez:
11
8
2019
pubmed:
11
8
2019
medline:
11
8
2019
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
A novel, green route for pre-exfoliation of graphite based on a biodegradable polymer and high-power ultrasound is presented. Candelilla wax (CW), derived from the leaves of the candelilla plant, has been used for the first time as a natural non aqueous medium to induce the pre-exfoliation of expanded graphite (EG) under ultrasonic irradiation in an economical way. The proposed method uses also D-limonene as a natural organic solvent for reducing viscosity and increasing the affinity between the polar groups of EG and candelilla wax, thus improving the intercalation/exfoliation of EG. The quality of dispersion of the nanofiller in the natural wax matrix has been evaluated using multiple techniques. The addition of EG to wax and use of ultrasonic treatment leads to a reduced crystallinity, probably due to restrictions of the molecular movements, improved thermal stability of wax, and to an increased shear thinning exponent, which are all indicative of a high degree of EG dispersion. The ultrasonic dynamic mechanical results suggest a reduction in the cluster size and a better filler dispersion in the wax matrix promoted by polar or chemical reactions between the CW fractions and the graphite stacks, which was observed by XPS analysis. The results were compared to those obtained with paraffin, a synthetic wax, and confirmed the dispersion improvement obtained by using natural wax as a pre-exfoliating medium.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31398950
pii: ma12162530
doi: 10.3390/ma12162530
pmc: PMC6721147
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Subventions
Organisme : CONACyT
ID : 299124
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Références
Nanotechnology. 2017 Apr 28;28(17):174001
pubmed: 28367836
Carbohydr Polym. 2017 Nov 15;176:187-194
pubmed: 28927597
Chem Rev. 2009 Nov;109(11):5755-98
pubmed: 19827748
Materials (Basel). 2019 Mar 26;12(6):
pubmed: 30917495
Materials (Basel). 2017 Mar 10;10(3):
pubmed: 28772640
Materials (Basel). 2017 Mar 16;10(3):
pubmed: 28772663
ACS Nano. 2011 Aug 23;5(8):6102-8
pubmed: 21726071
Materials (Basel). 2019 Apr 02;12(7):
pubmed: 30986932
Materials (Basel). 2019 Mar 01;12(5):
pubmed: 30823647
J Res Natl Bur Stand A Phys Chem. 1974 Mar-Apr;78A(2):129-141
pubmed: 32189777
Materials (Basel). 2018 May 15;11(5):
pubmed: 29762482
Materials (Basel). 2018 Nov 07;11(11):
pubmed: 30405038
Materials (Basel). 2017 May 12;10(5):
pubmed: 28772884
Materials (Basel). 2018 Nov 09;11(11):
pubmed: 30423945
Materials (Basel). 2018 Jun 23;11(7):
pubmed: 29937488
Materials (Basel). 2018 May 11;11(5):
pubmed: 29751693
Materials (Basel). 2018 Nov 06;11(11):
pubmed: 30404138
Materials (Basel). 2018 Mar 05;11(3):
pubmed: 29510595
Nanoscale. 2017 Sep 21;9(36):13772-13785
pubmed: 28885633
Materials (Basel). 2019 Jul 04;12(13):
pubmed: 31277373
Polymers (Basel). 2019 May 31;11(6):
pubmed: 31159321
Materials (Basel). 2017 Jul 16;10(7):
pubmed: 28773168
Langmuir. 2017 Feb 28;33(8):1927-1942
pubmed: 28117591