Trends in health care-associated infections in acute care hospitals in Canada: an analysis of repeated point-prevalence surveys.


Journal

CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne
ISSN: 1488-2329
Titre abrégé: CMAJ
Pays: Canada
ID NLM: 9711805

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
09 Sep 2019
Historique:
accepted: 11 07 2019
entrez: 11 9 2019
pubmed: 11 9 2019
medline: 23 6 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Health care-associated infections are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality. We sought to describe the trends in these infections in acute care hospitals, using data from 3 national point-prevalence surveys. The Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) conducted descriptive point-prevalence surveys to assess the burden of health care-associated infections on a single day in February of 2002, 2009 and 2017. Surveyed infections included urinary tract infection, pneumonia, We surveyed 28 of 33 (response rate 84.8%) CNISP hospitals (6747 patients) in 2002, 39 of 55 (response rate 71.0%) hospitals (8902 patients) in 2009 and 47 of 66 (response rate 71.2%) hospitals (9929 patients) in 2017. The prevalence of patients with at least 1 health care-associated infection increased from 9.9% in 2002 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.4%-11.5%) to 11.3% in 2009 (95% CI 9.4%-13.5%), and then declined to 7.9% in 2017 (95% CI 6.8%-9.0%). In 2017, device-associated infections accounted for 35.6% of all health care-associated infections. Methicillin-resistant In CNISP hospitals, there was a decline in the prevalence of health care-associated infection in 2017 compared with previous surveys. However, strategies to prevent infections associated with medical devices should be developed. Apart from MRSA, few infections were caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Health care-associated infections are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality. We sought to describe the trends in these infections in acute care hospitals, using data from 3 national point-prevalence surveys.
METHODS METHODS
The Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) conducted descriptive point-prevalence surveys to assess the burden of health care-associated infections on a single day in February of 2002, 2009 and 2017. Surveyed infections included urinary tract infection, pneumonia,
RESULTS RESULTS
We surveyed 28 of 33 (response rate 84.8%) CNISP hospitals (6747 patients) in 2002, 39 of 55 (response rate 71.0%) hospitals (8902 patients) in 2009 and 47 of 66 (response rate 71.2%) hospitals (9929 patients) in 2017. The prevalence of patients with at least 1 health care-associated infection increased from 9.9% in 2002 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.4%-11.5%) to 11.3% in 2009 (95% CI 9.4%-13.5%), and then declined to 7.9% in 2017 (95% CI 6.8%-9.0%). In 2017, device-associated infections accounted for 35.6% of all health care-associated infections. Methicillin-resistant
INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS
In CNISP hospitals, there was a decline in the prevalence of health care-associated infection in 2017 compared with previous surveys. However, strategies to prevent infections associated with medical devices should be developed. Apart from MRSA, few infections were caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms.

Identifiants

pubmed: 31501180
pii: 191/36/E981
doi: 10.1503/cmaj.190361
pmc: PMC6733684
doi:

Substances chimiques

Anti-Infective Agents 0

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

E981-E988

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

© 2019 Joule Inc. or its licensors.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Competing interests: None declared.

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Auteurs

Robyn Mitchell (R)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Geoffrey Taylor (G)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask. geoff.taylor@ualberta.ca.

Wallis Rudnick (W)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Stephanie Alexandre (S)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Kathryn Bush (K)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Leslie Forrester (L)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Charles Frenette (C)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Bonny Granfield (B)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Denise Gravel-Tropper (D)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Jennifer Happe (J)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Michael John (M)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Christian Lavallee (C)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Allison McGeer (A)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Dominik Mertz (D)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Linda Pelude (L)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Michelle Science (M)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Andrew Simor (A)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Stephanie Smith (S)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Kathryn N Suh (KN)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Joseph Vayalumkal (J)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Alice Wong (A)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

Kanchana Amaratunga (K)

Public Health Agency of Canada (Mitchell, Rudnick, Alexandre, Gravel-Tropper, Pelude, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; University of Alberta Hospital (Taylor, Granfield, Smith), Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Bush), Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Forrester), Vancouver, BC; McGill University Health Centre (Frenette), Montréal, Que.; Infection Prevention and Control Canada (Happe), Edmonton, Alta.; London Health Sciences Centre (John), London, Ont.; Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Lavallee), Montréal, Que.; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (Mertz), Hamilton, Ont.; Hospital for Sick Children (Science); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Simor), Toronto, Ont.; The Ottawa Hospital (Suh, Amaratunga), Ottawa, Ont.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Vayalumkal), Calgary, Alta.; Royal University Hospital (Wong), Saskatoon, Sask.

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