Anatomical variations in distal portion of the thoracic duct-A systematic review.
anatomical variations
lymphatic vessel
review
thoracic duct
Journal
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
ISSN: 1098-2353
Titre abrégé: Clin Anat
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8809128
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jan 2020
Jan 2020
Historique:
received:
22
07
2019
revised:
27
08
2019
accepted:
14
09
2019
pubmed:
3
10
2019
medline:
26
3
2020
entrez:
3
10
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the anatomical variations in the termination of the thoracic duct (TD) in cadavers or patients by anatomical dissections and surgical or radiological procedures for better knowledge of the interindividual variations through a systematic review. The search strategy included PubMed and reference tracking. Studies were identified by searching the electronic Medline databases. The search terms included "TD," "Jugular Vein," "Subclavian Vein," or "Cervical," and the protocol used is reported herein. These search results yielded 20 qualitative review articles out of the 275 articles consulted. We collected all the important data from these 20 articles with 1,352 TD analyzed by varying sources in our search. Regarding the characteristics of the studies and the anatomy of the TD, the results were heterogeneous. The TD most commonly terminates in the internal jugular vein in 54.05% of cases (95% confidence interval [CI]: 54.03; 54.07), in the jugular-venous angle in 25.79% (95% CI: 25.77; 25.81), and in the subclavian vein in 8.16% of cases (95% CI: 8.14;8.18). Other terminations were found in 12% of cases. This systematic review provided an overview of the variations in the distal portion of the TD. This study can be helpful for surgeons in selecting the most appropriate methods to achieve successful surgical results and avoid complications, such as chylothorax; it also offers detailed information on the cervical termination of the TD in new diagnostic and therapeutic methods involving the TD. Clin. Anat. 32:99-107, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
99-107Informations de copyright
© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Références
Akcali O, Kiray A, Ergur I, Tetik S, Alici E. 2006. Thoracic duct variations may complicate the anterior spine procedures. Eur Spine J 15:1347-1351.
Archimbaud JP, Banssillon V, Bernhardt JP, Bonnet P, Saubier EC. 1969. 40 dissections of the thoracic duct; its termination in the living human being. Lyon Med 222:211-214.
Bolger C, Walsh TN, Tanner WA, Keeling P, Hennessy TPJ. 1991. Chylothorax after oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 78:587-588.
Brotons ML, Bolca C, Fréchette E, Deslauriers J. 2012. Anatomy and physiology of the thoracic lymphatic system. Thorac Surg Clin 22:139-153.
Correia M. 1925. Le canal thoracique chez l'homme. Folia Anat 1:3-8.
Crumley RL, Smith JD. 1976. Postoperative chylous fistula prevention and management. Laryngoscope 86:804-813.
Davis HK. 1914. A statistical study of the thoracic duct in man. Ithaca, New York.
Doerr CH, Allen MS, Nichols FC, Ryu JH. 2005. Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 80:867-870.
Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell A. 2009. Gray's Anatomy for Students-Rental. London: Churchill Livingstone.
Dumont AE, Mulholland JH. 1962. Alterations in thoracic duct lymph flow in hepatic cirrhosis: significance in portal hypertension. Ann Surg 156:668-675.
Franksson C, Lundgren G, Magnusson G, Ringdén O. 1976. Drainage of thoracic duct lymph in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 21:133-140.
Frazell EL, Harrold CC, Rasmussen L. 1951. Bilateral chylothorax: an unusual complication of radical neck dissection with recovery. Ann Surg 134:135-137.
Gottlieb MI, Greenfield J. 1956. Variations in the terminal portion of the human thoracic duct. AMA Arch Surg 73:955-959.
Hart AK, Greinwald JH, Shaffrey CI, Postma GN. 1998. Thoracic duct injury during anterior cervical discectomy: a rare complication. Case report. J Neurosurg 88:151-154.
Hematti H, Mehran RJ. 2011. Anatomy of the thoracic duct. Thorac Surg Clin 21:229-238.
Henry BM, Tomaszewski KA, Ramakrishnan PK, Roy J, Vikse J, Loukas M, Tubbs RS, Walocha JA. 2017. Development of the anatomical quality assessment (AQUA) tool for the quality assessment of anatomical studies included in meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Clin Anat 30:6-13.
Higgins JPT, Green S. 2011. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 1st Ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Jacobsson SI. 1972. Clinical Anatomy and Pathology of the Thoracic Duct: An Investigation of 122 Cases. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell. p 9-103.
Jdanov DA. 1959. Anatomy of the thoracic duct and of the main lymphatic vessels of the trunk in man. Acta Anat (Basel) 37:20-47.
Kaur D, Jain M, Dhall U, Singh K. 2012. An unusual course of the thoracic duct in relation to the vertebral vessels. Singapore Med J 53:e1-e2.
Khalil KG, Parker FB, Mukherjee N, Webb WR. 1972. Thoracic duct injury. A complication of jugular vein catheterization. JAMA 221:908-909.
Kinnaert P. 1973. Anatomical variations of the cervical portion of the thoracic duct in man. J Anat 115:45-52.
Kurylcio L, Panecka A, Modrzewski Z. 1972. Anatomical variations of the cervical part of the thoracic duct in humans. Pol Med J 11:1723-1730.
Lai F-C, Chen L, Tu Y-R, Lin M, Li X. 2011. Prevention of chylothorax complicating extensive esophageal resection by mass ligation of thoracic duct: a random control study. Ann Thorac Surg 91:1770-1774.
Langford RJ, Daudia AT, Malins TJ. 1999. A morphological study of the thoracic duct at the jugulo-subclavian junction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 27:100-104.
Loukas M, Wartmann CT, Louis RG, Tubbs RS, Salter EG, Gupta AA, Curry B. 2007. Cisterna chyli: a detailed anatomic investigation. Clin Anat 20:683-688.
Louzada ACS, Lim SJ, Pallazzo JF, Silva VPR, de ORVS, Yoshio AM, de Araújo-Neto VJF, Leite AKN, Silveira A, Simões C, Brandão LG, de Matos LL, et al. 2016. Biometric measurements involving the terminal portion of the thoracic duct on left cervical level IV: an anatomic study. Anat Sci Int 91:274-279.
McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. 2016. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol 75:40-46.
Mittleider D, Dykes TA, Cicuto KP, Amberson SM, Leusner CR. 2008. Retrograde cannulation of the thoracic duct and embolization of the cisterna chyli in the treatment of chylous ascites. J Vasc Interv Radiol 19:285-290.
Nathan H, Seidel MR. 1983. The association of a retroesophageal right subclavian artery, a right-sided terminating thoracic duct, and a left vertebral artery of aortic origin: anatomical and clinical considerations. Acta Anat 117:362-373.
Parekh K, Iannettoni MD. 2007. Complications of esophageal resection and reconstruction. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 19:79-88.
Parsons FG, Sargent PWG. 1909. Lancet, 173:1173-1174.
Paul S, Bueno R. 2003. Section VI: complications following esophagectomy: early detection, treatment, and prevention. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 15:210-215.
Paulus HE, Machleder H, Bangert R, Stratton JA, Goldberg L, Whitehouse MW, Yu D, Pearson CM. 1973. A case report: thoracic duct lymphocyte drainage in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1:173-181.
Peña E, Zuñiga J. 2009. An anatomical variation: the aberrant termination of the thoracic duct. Biomed Rev Inst Nac Salud 29:204-208.
Phang K, Bowman M, Phillips A, Windsor J. 2014. Review of thoracic duct anatomical variations and clinical implications. Clin Anat 27:637-644.
Riquet M, Mordant P, Pricopi C, Achour K, Le Pimpec Barthes F. 2013. Anatomy, micro-anatomy and physiology of the lymphatics of the lungs and chest wall. Rev Pneumol Clin 69:102-110.
Rollon A, Salazar C, Mayorga F, Marin R, Infante P. 1996. Severe cervical chyle fistula after radical neck dissection. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 25:363-365.
Ross JK. 1961. A review of the surgery of the thoracic duct. Thorax 16:12-21.
Rouvière H. 1938. Anatomie des Lymphatiques de l'Homme. In: Masson Ed. Paris, p 231-240.
Ruggiero RP, Caruso G. 1985. Chylothorax-a complication of subclavian vein catheterization. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 9:750-753.
Seeger M, Bewig B, Günther R, Schafmayer C, Vollnberg B, Rubin D, Hoell C, Schreiber S, Fölsch UR, Hampe J. 2009. Terminal part of thoracic duct: high-resolution US imaging. Radiology 252:897-904.
Shafiroff BG, Kau QY. 1959. Cannulation of the human thoracic lymph duct. Surgery 45:814-819.
Shimada K, Sato I. 1997. Morphological and histological analysis of the thoracic duct at the jugulo-subclavian junction in Japanese cadavers. Clin Anat 10:163-172.
Shirakawa Y, Noma K, Ohara T, Kashima H, Maeda N, Tanabe S, Kagawa S, Fujiwara T. 2015. Prone-position thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct for Chyle leak following radical neck dissection in a patient with a right aortic arch. Acta Med Okayama 69:173-176.
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW. 1955. Cervical thoracic duct fistulas. Ann Surg 142:307-310.
Spiro JD, Spiro RH, Strong EW. 1990. The management of chyle fistula. Laryngoscope 100:771-774.
Tesauro B. 1966. Anatomical aspects of the thoracic duct after ligation. Bull Soc Int Chir 25:602-607.
Thawley SE. 1980. “How I do it”-head and neck. A targeted problem and its solution. Chylous fistula prevention and management. Laryngoscope 90:522-525.
Tilney NL, Atkinson JC, Murray JE. 1970. The immunosuppressive effect of thoracic duct drainage in human kidney transplantation. Ann Intern Med 72:59-71.
Van der Putte SC, van Limborgh J. 1980. The embryonic development of the main lymphatics in man. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand 18:323-335.
Van Pernis PA. 1949. Variations of the thoracic duct. Surgery 26:806-809.
Watson M. 1872. Note on the termination of the thoracic duct on the right side. J Anat Physiol 6:427-428.
Werner B. 1965. Thoracic duct cannulation in man. I. Surgical technique and a clinical study on 79 patients. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 353:1-32.
Wilke J, Krause F, Niederer D, Engeroff T, Nürnberger F, Vogt L, Banzer W. 2015. Appraising the methodological quality of cadaveric studies: validation of the QUACS scale. J Anat 226:440-446.
Xie YZ, Di RQ. 1987. Experiences in the anastomosis of the thoracic duct and internal jugular vein. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 25:126-127.
Zorzetto NL, Ripari W, De Freitas V, Seullner G. 1977. Anatomical observations on the ending of the human thoracic duct. J Morphol 153:363-369.