Correlation of bioimpedance changes after compressive loading of murine tissues in vivo.

Rises in the incidence of pressure ulcers are increasingly prevalent in an aging population. Pressure ulcers are painful, are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, increase the risk for secondary infections and inpatient stay, and adds $26.8 billion annually to the healthcare costs of the USA. Evidence suggests that a change in the bioimpedance of living tissue in response to continuous local contact pressure can be a useful indicator for the onset of pressure injuries. Thirty-five Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to various skin pressures for differing periods of time via a surgically inserted steel disk and an externally applied magnet. Contact pressure and bioimpedance were measured and correlated with tissue loading intensity and compared to clinical ulcer grading. Moderate relationships between bioimpedance changes and tissue loading intensity were found. Stronger correlations were found by utilizing a combination of bioimpedance and phase angle. Thresholds were applied to the bioimpedance parameters and the usefulness of bioimpedance in classifying different ulcer stages is demonstrated. These results indicate that bioimpedance may be useful as an early indicator of pressure ulcer formation and has practical significance in the development of early pressure injury detection devices.