An update of a former FIGO Working Group Report on Management of Posterior Compartment Prolapse.
Enterocele
Posterior colporrhaphy
Posterior compartment
Posterior vaginal wall prolapse
Rectocele
Site specific defect-repair
Transanal repair outcomes
Journal
International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
ISSN: 1879-3479
Titre abrégé: Int J Gynaecol Obstet
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0210174
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Feb 2020
Feb 2020
Historique:
received:
26
12
2018
revised:
04
09
2019
accepted:
17
10
2019
pubmed:
20
10
2019
medline:
24
3
2020
entrez:
20
10
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The FIGO Working Group (FWG) in Pelvic Floor Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (2012-2015) established a consensus among international opinion leaders in evaluating current evidence and providing practice recommendations. To provide an update of the previous clinical opinion report on conservative and surgical treatment of posterior compartment prolapse. Search of evidence was performed using Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to August 2018. Controlled trials on posterior colporrhaphy, site-specific defect, transanal, abdominal, laparoscopic, and mesh repair. Collective consensus on surgical outcomes was based on a decision-making process during meetings and multiple group consultations. Basic evaluation and conservative treatment precede surgical management. Surgical techniques are performed by vaginal, transperineal, transanal, abdominal, or laparoscopic approach. The transvaginal surgical route without mesh appears superior to the transanal route. No conclusions can be drawn based on clinical studies or randomized controlled trials of posterior colporrhaphy and laparoscopic rectopexy. Management of rectocele should include patients' history, quality of life questionnaires, and, in case of complex anorectal symptoms, imaging and functional studies. Evidence on the best type of posterior vaginal wall repair is still scarce. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the best approach to achieve safe, effective, and long-term anatomical and functional outcomes.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The FIGO Working Group (FWG) in Pelvic Floor Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (2012-2015) established a consensus among international opinion leaders in evaluating current evidence and providing practice recommendations.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE
To provide an update of the previous clinical opinion report on conservative and surgical treatment of posterior compartment prolapse.
SEARCH STRATEGY
METHODS
Search of evidence was performed using Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to August 2018.
SELECTION CRITERIA
METHODS
Controlled trials on posterior colporrhaphy, site-specific defect, transanal, abdominal, laparoscopic, and mesh repair.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
METHODS
Collective consensus on surgical outcomes was based on a decision-making process during meetings and multiple group consultations.
MAIN RESULTS
RESULTS
Basic evaluation and conservative treatment precede surgical management. Surgical techniques are performed by vaginal, transperineal, transanal, abdominal, or laparoscopic approach. The transvaginal surgical route without mesh appears superior to the transanal route. No conclusions can be drawn based on clinical studies or randomized controlled trials of posterior colporrhaphy and laparoscopic rectopexy.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Management of rectocele should include patients' history, quality of life questionnaires, and, in case of complex anorectal symptoms, imaging and functional studies. Evidence on the best type of posterior vaginal wall repair is still scarce. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the best approach to achieve safe, effective, and long-term anatomical and functional outcomes.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
135-144Informations de copyright
© 2019 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.
Références
Hagen S, Stark D. Conservative prevention and management of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;12:CD003882.
Betschart C, Cervigni M, Contreras Ortiz O, Doumouchtsis SK, Koyama M, Medina C, et al. Management of apical compartment prolapse (uterine and vault prolapse): A FIGO Working Group report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017;36:507-513.
Medina CA, Costantini E, Petri E, Mourad S, Singla A, Rodriguez-Colorado S, et al. Evaluation and surgery for stress urinary incontinence: A FIGO working group report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017;36:518-528.
Sultan AH, Monga A, Lee J, Emmanuel A, Norton C, Santoro G, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female anorectal dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. 2017;28:5-31.
Abramov Y, Gandhi S, Goldberg RP, Botros SM, Kwon C, Sand PK. Site-specific rectocele repair compared with standard posterior colporrhaphy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:314-318.
Jelovsek JE, Walters MD, Paraiso MF, Barber MD. Functional bowel disorders and pelvic organ prolapse: A case-control study. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2010;16:209-214.
Mouritsen L, Larsen JP. Symptoms, bother and POPQ in women referred with pelvic organ prolapse. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:122-127.
Cotterill N, Norton C, Avery KN, Abrams P, Donovan JL. Psychometric evaluation of a new patient-completed questionnaire for evaluating anal incontinence symptoms and impact on quality of life: The ICIQ-B. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:1235-1250.
Barber MD, Kuchibhatla MN, Pieper CF, Bump RC. Psychometric evaluation of 2 comprehensive condition-specific quality of life instruments for women with pelvic floor disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:1388-1395.
Bharucha AE, Locke GR 3rd, Seide BM, Zinsmeister AR. A new questionnaire for constipation and faecal incontinence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:355-364.
Rogers RG, Coates KW, Kammerer-Doak D, Khalsa S, Qualls C. A short form of the pelvic organ prolapse/urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire (PISQ-12). Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:164-168; discussion 168.
Rogers RG, Kammerer-Doak D, Villarreal A, Coates K, Qualls C. A new instrument to measure sexual function in women with urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:552-558.
Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21:5-26.
Beck DE, Allen NL. Rectocele. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010;23:90-98.
El Sayed RF, Alt CD, Maccioni F, Meissnitzer M, Masselli G, Manganaro L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic floor dysfunction - joint recommendations of the ESUR and ESGAR Pelvic Floor Working Group. Eur Radiol. 2016.
Broekhuis SR, Futterer JJ, Hendriks JC, Barentsz JO, Vierhout ME, Kluivers KB. Symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction are poorly correlated with findings on clinical examination and dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20:1169-1174.
Khaikin M, Wexner SD. Treatment strategies in obstructed defecation and fecal incontinence. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:3168-3173.
Podzemny V, Pescatori LC, Pescatori M. Management of obstructed defecation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:1053-1060.
Wiegersma M, Panman CM, Kollen BJ, Berger MY, Lisman-Van Leeuwen Y, Dekker JH. Effect of pelvic floor muscle training compared with watchful waiting in older women with symptomatic mild pelvic organ prolapse: Randomised controlled trial in primary care. BMJ. 2014;349:g7378.
La Torre F, Pucciani F, Dodi G, Giuliani G, Frasson A, Coletta D, et al. Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Working Group (SICCR): Doubts and evidence for a practical guide. J Inflam Bowel Dis Disord. 2017;2:1-10.
Hagen S, Stark D, Glazener C, Dickson S, Barry S, Elders A, et al. Individualised pelvic floor muscle training in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POPPY): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:796-806.
Clemons JL, Aguilar VC, Tillinghast TA, Jackson ND, Myers DL. Patient satisfaction and changes in prolapse and urinary symptoms in women who were fitted successfully with a pessary for pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1025-1029.
Yamada T, Matsubara S. Rectocoele, but not cystocoele, may predict unsuccessful pessary fitting. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;31:441-442.
Francis WJ, Jeffcoate TN. Dyspareunia following vaginal operations. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1961;68:1-10.
Richardson AC. The rectovaginal septum revisited: Its relationship to rectocele and its importance in rectocele repair. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993;36:976-983.
Maher CF, Qatawneh AM, Baessler K, Schluter PJ. Midline rectovaginal fascial plication for repair of rectocele and obstructed defecation. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:685-689.
Paraiso MF, Barber MD, Muir TW, Walters MD. Rectocele repair: A randomized trial of three surgical techniques including graft augmentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:1762-1771.
Mellgren A, Anzen B, Nilsson BY, Johansson C, Dolk A, Gillgren P, et al. Results of rectocele repair. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:7-13.
Lopez A, Anzen B, Bremmer S, Mellgren A, Nilsson BY, Zetterstrom J, et al. Durability of success after rectocele repair. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12:97-103.
Kahn KS, Stanton SL, Kumar D, Fox SD. Posterior colporrhaphy is superior to the transanal repair for treatment of posterior vaginal wall prolapse. Neurourol Urodyn. 1999;18:329-330.
Paraiso MF, Weber AM, Walters MD, Ballard LA, Piedmonte MR, Skibinski C. Anatomic and functional outcome after posterior colporrhaphy. J Pelvic Surg. 2001;7:335-339.
Robinson D, Wadsworth S, Cardozo L, Bidmead J, Balmforth J. Fascial posterior colpoperineorrhaphy: A five year floow-up study.. J Pelvic Med Surg. 2003;9:279-283.
Youssef M, Emile SH, Thabet W, Elfeki HA, Magdy A, Omar W, et al. Comparative study between trans-perineal repair with or without limited internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of Type I anterior rectocele: A randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Surg. 2017;21:380-388.
Cundiff GW, Weidner AC, Visco AG, Addison WA, Bump RC. An anatomic and functional assessment of the discrete defect rectocele repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;1(6 Pt 1):1451-1456; discussion 1456-1457.
Glavind K, Madsen H. A prospective study of the discrete fascial defect rectocele repair. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79:145-147.
Kenton K, Shott S, Brubaker L. Outcome after rectovaginal fascia reattachment for rectocele repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:1360-1363; discussion 1363-1364.
Porter WE, Steele A, Walsh P, Kohli N, Karram MM. The anatomic and functional outcomes of defect-specific rectocele repairs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:1353-1358; discussion 1358-1359.
Singh K, Cortes E, Reid WM. Evaluation of the fascial technique for surgical repair of isolated posterior vaginal wall prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:320-324.
Sardeli C, Axelsen SM, Kjaer D, Bek KM. Outcome of site-specific fascia repair for rectocele. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86:973-977.
Nieminen K, Hiltunen KM, Laitinen J, Oksala J, Heinonen PK. Transanal or vaginal approach to rectocele repair: A prospective, randomized pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1636-1642.
Arnold MW, Stewart WR, Aguilar PS. Rectocele repair. Four years’ experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:684-687.
Infantino A, Masin A, Melega E, Dodi G, Lise M. Does surgery resolve outlet obstruction from rectocele? Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10:97-100.
Baessler K, Schuessler B. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy and anatomy and function of the posterior compartment. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(5 Pt 1):678-684.
Fox SD, Stanton SL. Vault prolapse and rectocele: Assessment of repair using sacrocolpopexy with mesh interposition. BJOG. 2000;107:1371-1375.
Marinkovic SP, Stanton SL. Triple compartment prolapse: Sacrocolpopexy with anterior and posterior mesh extensions. BJOG. 2003;110:323-326.
Su KC, Mutone MF, Terry CL, Hale DS. Abdominovaginal sacral colpoperineopexy: Patient perceptions, anatomical outcomes, and graft erosions. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;18:503-511.
Marks MM. The rectal side of the rectocele. Dis Colon Rectum. 1967;10:387-388.
Zbar AP, Lienemann A, Fritsch H, Beer-Gabel M, Pescatori M. Rectocele: Pathogenesis and surgical management. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2003;18:369-384.
Sullivan ES, Leaverton GH, Hardwick CE. Transrectal perineal repair - an adjunct to improved function after anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 1968;11:106-+.
Goh JT, Tjandra JJ, Carey MP. How could management of rectoceles be optimized? ANZ J Surg. 2002;72:896-901.
Sehapayak S. Transrectal repair of rectocele: An extended armamentarium of colorectal surgeons. A report of 355 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:422-433.
Janssen LW, van Dijke CF. Selection criteria for anterior rectal wall repair in symptomatic rectocele and anterior rectal wall prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1100-1107.
Murthy VK, Orkin BA, Smith LE, Glassman LM. Excellent outcome using selective criteria for rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:374-378.
van Dam JH, Hop WC, Schouten WR. Analysis of patients with poor outcome of rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:1556-1560.
Khubchandani IT, Clancy JP 3rd, Rosen L, Riether RD, Stasik JJ Jr. Endorectal repair of rectocele revisited. Br J Surg. 1997;84:89-91.
Ho YH, Ang M, Nyam D, Tan M, Seow-Choen F. Transanal approach to rectocele repair may compromise anal sphincter pressures. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:354-358.
Tjandra JJ, Ooi BS, Tang CL, Dwyer P, Carey M. Transanal repair of rectocele corrects obstructed defecation if it is not associated with anismus. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1544-1550.
Ayabaca SM, Zbar AP, Pescatori M. Anal continence after rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:63-69.
Gentile M, De Rosa M, Cestaro G, Vitiello C, Sivero L. Internal Delorme vs. STARR procedure for correction of obstructed defecation from rectocele and rectal intussusception. Ann Ital Chir. 2014;85:177-183.
Shi Y, Yu Y, Zhang X, Li Y. Transvaginal mesh and transanal resection to treat outlet obstruction constipation caused by rectocele. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:598-605.
Holland MA, Joyce JS, Brennaman LM, Drobnis EZ, Starr JA, Foster RT Sr. Intravaginal Diazepam for the treatment of pelvic floor hypertonic disorder: A Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2019;25:76-81.
Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Stuto A, Bottini C, Caviglia A, Carriero A, et al. Stapled transanal rectal resection for outlet obstruction: A prospective, multicenter trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1285-1296; discussion 1296-1287.
Schiano di Visconte M, Nicoli F, Pasquali A, Bellio G. Clinical outcomes of stapled transanal rectal resection for obstructed defaecation syndrome at 10-year follow-up. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20:614-622.
Maher C, Feiner B, Baessler K, Schmid C. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD004014.
Mowat A, Maher D, Baessler K, Christmann-Schmid C, Haya N, Maher C. Surgery for women with posterior compartment prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3:CD012975.
Farid M, Madbouly KM, Hussein A, Mahdy T, Moneim HA, Omar W. Randomized controlled trial between perineal and anal repairs of rectocele in obstructed defecation. World J Surg. 2010;34:822-829.
Taylor GM, Ballard P, Jarvis GJ. Vault prolapse and rectocele assessment of repair using sacrocolpopexy with mesh interposition. BJOG. 2001;108:775-776.
Lyons TL, Winer WK. Laparoscopic rectocele repair using polyglactin mesh. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 1997;4:381-384.
Gadonneix P, Ercoli A, Salet-Lizee D, Cotelle O, Bolner B, Van Den Akker M, et al. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy with two separate meshes along the anterior and posterior vaginal walls for multicompartment pelvic organ prolapse. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 2004;11:29-35.
Cook JR, Seman EI, Shea RT. Laparoscopic treatment of enterocele: A 3-year evaluation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44:107-110.
Thornton MJ, Lam A, King DW. Laparoscopic or transanal repair of rectocele? A retrospective matched cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:792-798.
Faucheron JL, Voirin D, Riboud R, Waroquet PA, Noel J. Laparoscopic anterior rectopexy to the promontory for full-thickness rectal prolapse in 175 consecutive patients: Short- and long-term follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55:660-665.
de Hoog DE, Heemskerk J, Nieman FH, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG, Bouvy ND. Recurrence and functional results after open versus conventional laparoscopic versus robot-assisted laparoscopic rectopexy for rectal prolapse: A case-control study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24:1201-1206.
Mantoo S, Podevin J, Regenet N, Rigaud J, Lehur PA, Meurette G. Is robotic-assisted ventral mesh rectopexy superior to laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in the management of obstructed defaecation? Colorectal Dis. 2013;15:e469-785.
Sahoo MR, Thimmegowda AK, Gowda MS. A single centre comparative study of laparoscopic mesh rectopexy versus suture rectopexy. J Minim Access Surg. 2014;10:18-22.
Randall J, Smyth E, McCarthy K, Dixon AR. Outcome of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for external rectal prolapse. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16:914-919.
van Iersel JJ, Formijne Jonkers HA, Paulides TJC, Verheijen PM, Draaisma WA, Consten ECJ, et al. Robot-assisted ventral mesh rectopexy for rectal prolapse: A 5-year experience at a tertiary referral center. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60:1215-1223.
Makela-Kaikkonen J, Rautio T, Paakko E, Biancari F, Ohtonen P, Makela J. Robot-assisted vs laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for external or internal rectal prolapse and enterocele: A randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis. 2016;18:1010-1015.
Alspaugh D, Hyman N, Cataldo P. Surgeon, not patient-specific factors, determines the surgical treatment of rectal prolapse. J Pelvic Surg. 2002;8:301-304.
Paraiso MF, Falcone T, Walters MD. Laparoscopic surgery for enterocele, vaginal apex prolapse and rectocele. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1999;10:223-229.
Jia X, Glazener C, Mowatt G, MacLennan G, Bain C, Fraser C, et al. Efficacy and safety of using mesh or grafts in surgery for anterior and/or posterior vaginal wall prolapse: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2008;115:1350-1361.
Glazener CM, Breeman S, Elders A, Hemming C, Cooper KG, Freeman RM, et al. Mesh, graft, or standard repair for women having primary transvaginal anterior or posterior compartment prolapse surgery: Two parallel-group, multicentre, randomised, controlled trials (PROSPECT). Lancet. 2017;389:381-392.
Altman D, Vayrynen T, Engh ME, Axelsen S, Falconer C, Grp NTM. Anterior colporrhaphy versus transvaginal mesh for pelvic-organ prolapse. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1826-1836.
Brubaker L, Maher C, Jacquetin B, Rajamaheswari N, von Theobald P, Norton P. Surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2010;16:9-19.
Maher C, Feiner B, Baessler K, Adams EJ, Hagen S, Glazener CM. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;4:CD004014.
Sand PK, Koduri S, Lobel RW, Winkler HA, Tomezsko J, Culligan PJ, et al. Prospective randomized trial of polyglactin 910 mesh to prevent recurrence of cystoceles and rectoceles. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:1357-1362; discussion 1362-1354.
Sung VW, Rardin CR, Raker CA, Lasala CA, Myers DL. Porcine subintestinal submucosal graft augmentation for rectocele repair: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:125-133.
Lim YN, Muller R, Corstiaans A, Hitchins S, Barry C, Rane A. A long-term review of posterior colporrhaphy with Vypro 2 mesh. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;18:1053-1057.
Altman D, Falconer C. Perioperative morbidity using transvaginal mesh in pelvic organ prolapse repair. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:303-308.
Maher C, Baessler K, Barber M, Cheon C, Consten E, Cooper K, et al. Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery. Incontinence, Vol. II, 6th edn. 2017:1907-1915.