Properties of Cosmic Helium Isotopes Measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.


Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 Nov 2019
Historique:
revised: 02 10 2019
received: 02 08 2019
entrez: 26 11 2019
pubmed: 26 11 2019
medline: 26 11 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station of ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes are presented. The measurements are based on 100 million ^{4}He nuclei in the rigidity range from 2.1 to 21 GV and 18 million ^{3}He from 1.9 to 15 GV collected from May 2011 to November 2017. We observed that the ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes exhibit nearly identical variations with time. The relative magnitude of the variations decreases with increasing rigidity. The rigidity dependence of the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio is measured for the first time. Below 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to have a significant long-term time dependence. Above 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to be time independent, and its rigidity dependence is well described by a single power law ∝R^{Δ} with Δ=-0.294±0.004. Unexpectedly, this value is in agreement with the B/O and B/C spectral indices at high energies.

Identifiants

pubmed: 31763896
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.181102
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

181102

Auteurs

M Aguilar (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

L Ali Cavasonza (L)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Ambrosi (G)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

L Arruda (L)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

N Attig (N)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

A Bachlechner (A)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Barao (F)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

A Barrau (A)

Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.

L Barrin (L)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

A Bartoloni (A)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.

S Başeğmez-du Pree (S)

KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.

R Battiston (R)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

U Becker (U)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Behlmann (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

B Beischer (B)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

J Berdugo (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

B Bertucci (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

V Bindi (V)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

W de Boer (W)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

K Bollweg (K)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

B Borgia (B)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.

M J Boschini (MJ)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M Bourquin (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

E F Bueno (EF)

KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.

J Burger (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

W J Burger (WJ)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

X D Cai (XD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Capell (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

S Caroff (S)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

J Casaus (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

G Castellini (G)

CNR-IROE, 50125 Firenze, Italy.

F Cervelli (F)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

Y H Chang (YH)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.

G M Chen (GM)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

H S Chen (HS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Y Chen (Y)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

L Cheng (L)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

H Y Chou (HY)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.

V Choutko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C H Chung (CH)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Clark (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Coignet (G)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

C Consolandi (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

A Contin (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

C Corti (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

Z Cui (Z)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

K Dadzie (K)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y M Dai (YM)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

A Datta (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C Delgado (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

S Della Torre (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M B Demirköz (MB)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

L Derome (L)

Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.

S Di Falco (S)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

V Di Felice (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

C Díaz (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

F Dimiccoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

P von Doetinchem (P)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Dong (F)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

F Donnini (F)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

M Duranti (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

A Egorov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Eline (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Feng (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

E Fiandrini (E)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

P Fisher (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Formato (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

Y Galaktionov (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C Gámez (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

R J García-López (RJ)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

C Gargiulo (C)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

H Gast (H)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

I Gebauer (I)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M Gervasi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

F Giovacchini (F)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

D M Gómez-Coral (DM)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

J Gong (J)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

C Goy (C)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

V Grabski (V)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

D Grandi (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M Graziani (M)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

K H Guo (KH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

S Haino (S)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

K C Han (KC)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.

Z H He (ZH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

T H Hsieh (TH)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Huang (H)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

Z C Huang (ZC)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

M Incagli (M)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

W Y Jang (WY)

CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.

Yi Jia (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Jinchi (H)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.

K Kanishev (K)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

B Khiali (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

G N Kim (GN)

CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.

Th Kirn (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Konyushikhin (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

O Kounina (O)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kounine (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Koutsenko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kulemzin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

G La Vacca (G)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

E Laudi (E)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

G Laurenti (G)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

I Lazzizzera (I)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Lebedev (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H T Lee (HT)

Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

S C Lee (SC)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

J Q Li (JQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Q Li (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

T X Li (TX)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

Z H Li (ZH)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

C Light (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C H Lin (CH)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

T Lippert (T)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

Z Liu (Z)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

S Q Lu (SQ)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

Y S Lu (YS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

K Luebelsmeyer (K)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Luo (F)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

J Z Luo (JZ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Xi Luo (X)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

S S Lyu (SS)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

F Machate (F)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Mañá (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J Marín (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

T Martin (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Martínez (G)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

N Masi (N)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

D Maurin (D)

Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.

A Menchaca-Rocha (A)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

Q Meng (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

D C Mo (DC)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

M Molero (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

P Mott (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

L Mussolin (L)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

T Nelson (T)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

J Q Ni (JQ)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

N Nikonov (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Nozzoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Oliva (A)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

M Orcinha (M)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

M Palermo (M)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Palmonari (F)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

M Paniccia (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Pashnin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pauluzzi (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

S Pensotti (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

H D Phan (HD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Plyaskin (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Poireau (V)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

S Poluianov (S)

Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Climate Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.

A Popkow (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

X M Qi (XM)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

X Qin (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Z Y Qu (ZY)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

L Quadrani (L)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

P G Rancoita (PG)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

D Rapin (D)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Reina Conde (A)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

S Rosier-Lees (S)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

A Rozhkov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

D Rozza (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

R Sagdeev (R)

East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

S Schael (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

S M Schmidt (SM)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

A Schulz von Dratzig (A)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Schwering (G)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

E S Seo (ES)

IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

B S Shan (BS)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

J Y Shi (JY)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

T Siedenburg (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Solano (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J W Song (JW)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Z T Sun (ZT)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

M Tacconi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

X W Tang (XW)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Z C Tang (ZC)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

J Tian (J)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

Samuel C C Ting (SCC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

S M Ting (SM)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

N Tomassetti (N)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

J Torsti (J)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

C Tüysüz (C)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

T Urban (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

I Usoskin (I)

Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Climate Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.

V Vagelli (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

R Vainio (R)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

E Valente (E)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.

E Valtonen (E)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

M Vázquez Acosta (M)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

M Vecchi (M)

KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

M Velasco (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J P Vialle (JP)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

L Q Wang (LQ)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

N H Wang (NH)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Q L Wang (QL)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

X Wang (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

X Q Wang (XQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Z X Wang (ZX)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

J Wei (J)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

Z L Weng (ZL)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Wu (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

R Q Xiong (RQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

W Xu (W)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Q Yan (Q)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y Yang (Y)

National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.

H Yi (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Y J Yu (YJ)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

Z Q Yu (ZQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

M Zannoni (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

S Zeissler (S)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

C Zhang (C)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

F Zhang (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

J H Zhang (JH)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Z Zhang (Z)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

F Zhao (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Z M Zheng (ZM)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

H L Zhuang (HL)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

V Zhukov (V)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Zichichi (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

N Zimmermann (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

P Zuccon (P)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

Classifications MeSH