Sex and Gender Driven Modifiers of Alzheimer's: The Role for Estrogenic Control Across Age, Race, Medical, and Lifestyle Risks.
Alzheimer’s disease
estrogen hypothesis
gender differences
menopause transition
risk factors
sex differences
Journal
Frontiers in aging neuroscience
ISSN: 1663-4365
Titre abrégé: Front Aging Neurosci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101525824
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2019
2019
Historique:
received:
22
03
2019
accepted:
31
10
2019
entrez:
6
12
2019
pubmed:
6
12
2019
medline:
6
12
2019
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Research indicates that after advanced age, the major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is female sex. Out of every three AD patients, two are females with postmenopausal women contributing to over 60% of all those affected. Sex- and gender-related differences in AD have been widely researched and several emerging lines of evidence point to different vulnerabilities that contribute to dementia risk. Among those being considered, it is becoming widely accepted that gonadal steroids contribute to the gender disparity in AD, as evidenced by the "estrogen hypothesis." This posits that sex hormones, 17β-estradiol in particular, exert a neuroprotective effect by shielding females' brains from disease development. This theory is further supported by recent findings that the onset of menopause is associated with the emergence of AD-related brain changes in women in contrast to men of the same age. In this review, we discuss genetic, medical, societal, and lifestyle risk factors known to increase AD risk differently between the genders, with a focus on the role of hormonal changes, particularly declines in 17β-estradiol during the menopause transition (MT) as key underlying mechanisms.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31803046
doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00315
pmc: PMC6872493
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
315Subventions
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : P01 AG026572
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG057931
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : UL1 TR002384
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2019 Rahman, Jackson, Hristov, Isaacson, Saif, Shetty, Etingin, Henchcliffe, Brinton and Mosconi.
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