Deploying human pluripotent stem cells to treat central nervous system disorders: facts, challenges and realising the potential.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) represent a unique opportunity to study fundamental biological processes in a human- and cell-specific setting. Its translational potential and the impact on human health makes this technology revolutionary. The possibility to generate stem cells from almost any somatic cell, and their capacity to be differentiated in virtually all cells of the body has been demonstrated extensively during the last decade of research. Target-centric as well as phenotypic screenings using differentiated cells have become a reality, while the use of these cells for "disease modelling" is still challenging due to the paucity of relevant and reproducible phenotypes. The combination of hPSCs with gene editing technologies aiming to e.g. reduce immunogenic response has enabled promising clinical trials that will eventually demonstrate their therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration and cancer treatment. Maximizing the therapeutic applications of hPSCs requires systematic data comparison, consensus between scientists and health care professionals, as well as a close collaboration between research labs, clinics, and regulators. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive outlook of the current use of hPSCs in drug development and regenerative medicine for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In the first part, we analyse how hPSCs are currently used in drug development and discuss their use in challenging paradigms such as neurodegeneration. In the second part we review the status of hPSCs in regenerative medicine. Finally, key challenges and pitfalls of the technology will be discussed, and strategies proposed to improve hPSC research and to benefit patients across different therapeutic areas.

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Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.