Islamophobia in the National Health Service: an ethnography of institutional racism in PREVENT's counter-radicalisation policy.
NHS
colour-blindness
counter-terrorism
institutional racism
islamophobia
prevent
Journal
Sociology of health & illness
ISSN: 1467-9566
Titre abrégé: Sociol Health Illn
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8205036
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 2020
03 2020
Historique:
pubmed:
19
12
2019
medline:
10
8
2021
entrez:
19
12
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In 2015, the UK government made its counter-radicalisation policy a statutory duty for all National Health Service (NHS) staff. Staff are now tasked to identify and report individuals they suspect may be vulnerable to radicalisation. Prevent training employs a combination of psychological and ideological frames to convey the meaning of radicalisation to healthcare staff, but studies have shown that the threat of terrorism is racialised as well. The guiding question of our ethnography is: how is counter-radicalisation training understood and practiced by healthcare professionals? A frame analysis draws upon 2 years of ethnographic fieldwork, which includes participant observation in Prevent training and NHS staff interviews. This article demonstrates how Prevent engages in performative colour-blindness - the active recognition and dismissal of the race frame which associates racialised Muslims with the threat of terrorism. It concludes with a discussion of institutional racism in the NHS - how racialised policies like Prevent impact the minutia of clinical interactions; how the pretence of a 'post-racial' society obscures institutional racism; how psychologisation is integral to the performance of colour-blindness; and why it is difficult to address the racism associated with colourblind policies which purport to address the threat of the Far-Right.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31849069
doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.13047
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
610-626Informations de copyright
© 2019 Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness.
Références
Ahonen, L., Loeber, R. and Brent, D.A. (2017) The association between serious mental health problems and violence: some common assumptions and misconceptions, Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20, 613-25.
Alexander, M. (2012) The New Jim Crow. New York: New Press.
Bellis, M.A. and Hardcastle, K. (2019) Preventing Violent Extremism in the UK: Public Health Solutions. Bangor, UK: Public Health Wales.
Bhattacharyya, G., Gabriel, J. and Small, S. (2016) Race and Power: Global Racism in the Twenty First Century. London: Routledge.
Bhui, K.S., Hicks, M.H., Lashley, M. and Jones, E. (2012) A public health approach to understanding and preventing violent radicalization, BMC Medicine, 10, 1-8.
Blakeley, R., Hayes, B., Kapoor, N., Kundnani, A., et al. (2019) Leaving the War on Terror: A Progressive Alternative to Counter-Terrorism Policy. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101.
Carey, T.S., Kinsinger, L., Keyserling, T. and Harris, R. (1996) Research in the community: recruiting and retaining practices, Journal of Community Health, 21, 315-27.
Ciftci, S. (2012) Islamophobia and threat perceptions: explaining anti-Muslim sentiment in the west, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32, 293-309.
Cobain, I. (2018) How government feud shaped UK's counter-extremism strategy [WWW Document]. Middle East Eye. Available at https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/revealed-how-uks-counter-extremism-strategy-was-shaped-feud-within-government-2053352748 (Last accessed 15 January 2019).
Coltrane, S. and Messineo, M. (2000) The perpetuation of subtle prejudice: race and gender imagery in 1990s television advertising, Sex Roles, 42, 27.
Coppock, V. and McGovern, M. (2014) ‘Dangerous minds’? Deconstructing counter-terrorism discourse, radicalisation and the ‘psychological vulnerability’ of Muslim children and young people in Britain, Children & Society, 28, 242-56.
Corbin, C.M. (2017) Terrorists are always Muslim but never white: at the intersection of critical race theory and propaganda, Fordham Law Review, 86, 32.
Dexter, E. (2017) Migrant activists disrupt the Department of Health. openDemocracy. Available at https://www.opendemocracy.net/ournhs/migrant-activists-disrupt-department-of-health (Last accessed 31 January 2019).
Fekete, E. (2018) Europe's Fault Lines: Racism and the Rise of the Right. London: Verso.
Frankenberg, R. (1993) White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Friedersdorf, C. (2010) A mosque near ground zero [WWW Document]. The Atlantic. Available at https://www.theatlantic.com/projects/ideas-2010/archive/2010/06/a-mosque-near-ground-zero/57876/ (Last accessed 12 January 2019).
Gabbay, J. and le May, A. (2004) Evidence based guidelines or collectively constructed “mindlines?” Ethnographic study of knowledge management in primary care, British Medical Journal, 329, 1013.
Goffman, E. (1986) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Goldberg, D., Jadhav, S. and Younis, T. (2017) Prevent: what is pre-criminal space? BJPsych Bulletin, 41, 208-11.
Gregg, D. (2010) Family Intervention Projects: A Classic Case of Policy-BASED Evidence. London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies.
Habib, S. (2017) Learning and Teaching British Values: Policies and Perspectives on British Identities. London: Springer.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2017a) Algorithmic autoimmunity in the NHS: radicalisation and the clinic, Security Dialogue, 48, 29-45.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2017b) The geography of pre-criminal space: epidemiological imaginations of radicalisation risk in the UK Prevent Strategy, 2007-2017, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 10, 297-319.
Heath-Kelly, C. and Strausz, E. (2018) Counter-Terrorism in the NHS: Evaluating Prevent Safeguarding Duty in the NHS. Coventry: University of Warwick.
Hicken, M.T., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., Durkee, M. and Jackson, J.S. (2018) Racial inequalities in health: framing future research, Social Science & Medicine, 199, 11-8.
HM Government (2011) Prevent Strategy. London: Stationery Office.
HM Government (2014) Care Act 2014 [WWW Document]. Available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/23/pdfs/ukpga_20140023_en.pdf (Last accessed 1 February 2019).
HM Government (2015) Revised prevent duty guidance: for England and Wales [WWW Document]. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prevent-duty-guidance (Last accessed 17 August 2017).
HM Government (2016) HealthWRAP (2nd edition): facilitator's full script [WWW Document]. Available at http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2015-0804/Long_HealthWRAP_facilitators_script_final_v3.pdf (Last accessed 8 October 2018).
HM Government (2018) CONTEST: The United Kingdom's strategy for countering terrorism [WWW Document]. Available at https://nls.ldls.org.uk/welcome.html?ark:/81055/vdc_100060290728.0x000001 (Last accessed 28 February 2019).
Hurlow, J., Wilson, S. and James, D.V. (2016) Protesting loudly about prevent is popular but is it informed and sensible? The Psychiatrist, 40, 162-3.
Joseph, J. (2018) Varieties of Resilience : Studies in Governmentality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kalwant, B. (2018) White Privilege: The Myth of a Post-Racial Society. Bristol: Policy Press.
Kundnani, A. (2009) Spooked! How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism. London: Institute of Race Relations.
Laird, L.D., Amer, M.M., Barnett, E.D. and Barnes, L.L. (2007) Muslim patients and health disparities in the UK and the US, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92, 922-6.
Madsen, O.J. and Brinkmann, S. (2011) The disappearance of psychologisation, Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 8, 179-99.
Malik, A., Qureshi, H., Abdul-Razakq, H., Yaqoob, Z., et al. (2019) “I decided not to go into surgery due to dress code:” a cross-sectional study within the UK investigating experiences of female Muslim medical health professionals on bare below the elbows (BBE) policy and wearing headscarves (hijabs) in theatre, British Medical Journal Open, 9, e019954.
Mills, C. (2018) Teaching White innocence in an anti-Black social order: British values and the psychic life of coloniality. In Johnson, A., Joseph-Salisbury, R. and Kamunge, B. (eds) The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racial Violence. London: Zed Books.
Netpol (2018) Home Office forced by Netpol to release “counter-radicalisation” training materials. Netpol. Available at https://netpol.org/2018/05/01/home-office-wrap-training-prevent/ (Last accessed 13 September 2019).
Neville, H.A., Gallardo, M.E. and Sue, D.W. (2016) Introduction: Has the United States really moved beyond race? In Neville, H.A., Gallardo, M.E. and Sue, D.W. (eds) The Myth of Racial Color Blindness: Manifestations, Dynamics, and Impact. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 3-21.
NHS England (2017) Guidance for mental health services in exercising duties to safeguard people from the risk of radicalisation [WWW Document]. Available at https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/prevent-mental-health-guidance.pdf (Last accessed 1 February 19).
Omi, M. and Winant, H. (2014) Racial Formation in the United States. London: Routledge.
Open Society Justice Initiative (2016) Eroding Trust, The UK's Prevent Counter-Extremism Strategy in Health and Education. New York: Open Society Foundations.
Perraudin, F. (2019) Third of Britons believe Islam threatens British way of life, says report [WWW Document]. The Guardian. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/17/third-of-britons-believe-islam-threatens-british-way-of-life-says-report (Last accessed 13 September 2019).
Petty, J. (2016) The london spikes controversy: homelessness, urban securitisation and the question of ‘hostile architecture’, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5, 67.
Pylypa, J. (1998) Power and bodily practice: applying the work of Foucault to an anthropology of the body, Arizona Anthropologist, 13, 21-36.
Riaz, H. and Krasuski, R.A. (2017) Best practice advisories should not replace good clinical acumen, The American Journal of Medicine, 130, 245-6.
Samari, G., Alcalá, H.E. and Sharif, M.Z. (2018) Islamophobia, health, and public health: a systematic literature review, American Journal of Public Health, 108, e1-9.
Sarma, K.M. (2017) Risk assessment and the prevention of radicalization from nonviolence into terrorism, American Psychologist, 72, 278-88.
Scarcella, A., Page, R. and Furtado, V. (2016) Terrorism, radicalisation, extremism, authoritarianism and fundamentalism: a systematic review of the quality and psychometric properties of assessments, PLoS ONE, 11, e0166947.
Schuurman, B., Grol, P. and Flower, S. (2016) Converts and Islamist Terrorism: An Introduction. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.
Sharma, S. and Nijjar, J. (2018) The racialized surveillant assemblage: Islam and the fear of terrorism, Popular Communication, 16, 72-85.
Sian, K. (2017) Born radicals? Prevent, positivism, and ‘race-thinking’, Palgrave Communications, 3, 6.
Skrentny, J.D. (2008) Culture and race/ethnicity: bolder, deeper, and broader, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 619, 59-77.
Stampnitzky, L. (2013) Disciplining Terror: How Experts Invented ‘Terrorism’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
UK Government (2018) Modernising the Mental Health Act. Department of Health and Social Care. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778897/Modernising_the_Mental_Health_Act_-_increasing_choice__reducing_compulsion.pdf (Last accessed 25 November 2019).
UK Parliament (2018) NHS: counter-terrorism: written question - HL11484 [WWW Document]. Available at https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Lords/2018-11-14/HL11484/ (Last accessed 31 January 2019).
Vergani, M., Iqbal, M., Ilbahar, E. and Barton, G. (2018) The three Ps of radicalization: push, pull and personal. A systematic scoping review of the scientific evidence about radicalization into violent extremism, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-32.
Virdee, S. and McGeever, B. (2018) Racism, crisis, brexit, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41, 1802-19.
Warikoo, N.K. and de Novais, J. (2015) Colour-blindness and diversity: race frames and their consequences for white undergraduates at elite US universities, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38, 860-76.
Wieringa, S. and Greenhalgh, T. (2015) 10 years of mindlines: a systematic review and commentary, Implementation Science, 10.
Younis, T. and Jadhav, S. (2019) Keeping our mouths shut: the fear and racialized self-censorship of British healthcare professionals in PREVENT training, Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry.