Serous Ovarian Cancer Caused by Exposure to Asbestos and Fibrous Talc in Cosmetic Talc Powders-A Case Series.
Journal
Journal of occupational and environmental medicine
ISSN: 1536-5948
Titre abrégé: J Occup Environ Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9504688
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
02 2020
02 2020
Historique:
pubmed:
24
12
2019
medline:
7
4
2021
entrez:
24
12
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Asbestos is a known cause of ovarian cancer. We report 10 cases of serous ovarian cancer among users of Johnson & Johnson (J&J) asbestos-containing "cosmetic" talc products. We conducted an asbestos exposure assessment during talc application and analyzed surgical tissues and talc containers for asbestos and talc. Talc was found in all cases and tremolite and/or anthophyllite asbestos was found in 8/10 cases. The asbestos fibers found in the "cosmetic" talc containers matched those found in tissues. We estimated inhaled asbestos dose ranged from 0.38 to 5.18 fiber years. We provide evidence that the inhaled dose of asbestos/fibrous talc from "cosmetic" talc use causes ovarian cancer. The unique combination of the types of asbestiform minerals detected in cancerous tissue and "cosmetic" talc is a fingerprint for exposure to asbestos-containing talc.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31868762
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001800
pii: 00043764-202002000-00019
doi:
Substances chimiques
Asbestos, Amphibole
0
Cosmetics
0
Powders
0
Asbestos
1332-21-4
tremolite
14567-73-8
Talc
14807-96-6
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e65-e77Références
Gajjar K, Ogden G, Mujahid MI, Razvi K. Symptoms and risk factors of ovarian cancer: a survey in primary care. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012:754197.
Society AC. Key Statistics for Ovarian Cancer; 2019. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/key-statistics.html. Accessed May 14, 2019.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2010; 93:1–413.
Cramer DW, Welch WR, Scully RE, Wojciechowski CA. Ovarian cancer and talc: a case-control study. Cancer 1982; 50:372–376.
Booth M, Beral V, Smith P. Risk factors for ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1989; 60:592–598.
Chang S, Risch HA. Perineal talc exposure and risk of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 79:2396–2401.
Cook LS, Kamb ML, Weiss NS. Perineal powder exposure and the risk of ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145:459–465.
Cramer DW, Vitonis AF, Terry KL, Welch WR, Titus LJ. The association between talc use and ovarian cancer: a retrospective case-control study in two US States. Epidemiology 2016; 27:334–346.
Cramer DW, Xu H. Epidemiologic evidence for uterine growth factors in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Ann Epidemiol 1995; 5:310–314.
Gates MA, Tworoger SS, Terry KL, et al. Talc use, variants of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and NAT2 genes, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2436–2444.
Godard B, Foulkes WD, Provencher D, et al. Risk factors for familial and sporadic ovarian cancer among French Canadians: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179:403–410.
Harlow BL, Cramer DW, Bell DA, Welch WR. Perineal exposure to talc and ovarian cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80:19–26.
Kurta ML, Moysich KB, Weissfeld JL, et al. Use of fertility drugs and risk of ovarian cancer: results from a U.S.-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1282–1292.
Merritt MA, Green AC, Nagle CM, Webb PM. Australian Cancer S, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study G. Talcum powder, chronic pelvic inflammation and NSAIDs in relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:170–176.
Mills PK, Riordan DG, Cress RD, Young HA. Perineal talc exposure and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in the Central Valley of California. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:458–464.
Ness RB, Grisso JA, Cottreau C, et al. Factors related to inflammation of the ovarian epithelium and risk of ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 2000; 11:111–117.
Purdie D, Green A, Bain C, et al. Reproductive and other factors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: an Australian case-control study. Survey of Women's Health Study Group. Int J Cancer 1995; 62:678–684.
Terry KL, Karageorgi S, Shvetsov YB, et al. Genital powder use and risk of ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of 8,525 cases and 9,859 controls. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:811–821.
Vitonis AF, Titus-Ernstoff L, Cramer DW. Assessing ovarian cancer risk when considering elective oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117:1042–1050.
Wu AH, Pearce CL, Tseng CC, Pike MC. African Americans and Hispanics remain at lower risk of ovarian cancer than non-hispanic whites after considering nongenetic risk factors and oophorectomy rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1094–1100.
Pike MC. Hormonal factors and the risk of invasive ovarian cancer: a population-based casecontrol study. Fertil Steril 2004; 82:186–195.
Chen Y, Wu PC, Lang JH, Ge WJ, Hartge P, Brinton LA. Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer in Beijing, China. Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21:23–29.
The Cosmetics Fragrance and Toiletry Association (CTFA). The Cosmetics, Fragrance and Toiletry Association (CTFA) Specifications - Talc & Cosmetic Talc; 1976.
Gertig DM, Hunter DJ, Cramer DW, et al. Prospective study of talc use and ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:249–252.
Harlow BL, Weiss NS. A case-control study of borderline ovarian tumors: the influence of perineal exposure to talc. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 130:390–394.
Hartge P, Hoover R, Lesher LP, McGowan L. Talc and ovarian cancer. JAMA 1983; 250:1844.
Houghton SC, Reeves KW, Hankinson SE, et al. Perineal powder use and risk of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju208.
Moorman PG, Palmieri RT, Akushevich L, et al. Ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American and White Women. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:598–606.
Rosenblatt KA, Weiss NS, Cushing-Haugen KL, Wicklund KG, Rossing MA. Genital powder exposure and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:737–742.
Tzonou A, Polychronopoulou A, Hsieh CC, Rebelakos A, Karakatsani A, Trichopoulos D. Hair dyes, analgesics, tranquilizers and perineal talc application as risk factors for ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:408–410.
Whittemore AS, Wu ML, Paffenbarger RS Jr, et al. Personal and environmental characteristics related to epithelial ovarian cancer. II. Exposures to talcum powder, tobacco, alcohol, and coffee. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:1228–1240.
Gates MA, Rosner BA, Hecht JL, Tworoger SS. Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic subtype. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:45–53.
Wong C, Hempling RE, Piver MS, Natarajan N, Mettlin CJ. Perineal talc exposure and subsequent epithelial ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93:372–376.
Rosenblatt KA, Szklo M, Rosenshein NB. Mineral fiber exposure and the development of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 45:20–25.
Gonzalez NL, O’Brien KM, D’Aloisio AA, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR. Douching, talc use, and risk of ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 2016; 27:797–802.
Schildkraut J, Abbott S, Alberg A, et al. Association between body powder use and ovarian cancer: The African American Cancer Epidemiology Studies (AACES). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1411–1417.
Kim J, Park E, Kim O, et al. Cell origins of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cancers 2018; 10:433.
Huncharek M, Geschwind JF, Kupelnick B. Perineal application of cosmetic talc and risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of 11,933 subjects from sixteen observational studies. Anticancer Res 2003; 23:1955–1960.
Muscat JE, Huncharek MS. Perineal talc use and ovarian cancer: a critical review. Eur J Cancer Prev 2008; 17:139–146.
Penninkilampi R, Eslick GD. Perineal talc use and ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2018; 29:41–49.
Gordon RE, Fitzgerald S, Millette J. Asbestos in commercial cosmetic talcum powder as a cause of mesothelioma in women. Int J Occup Environ Health 2014; 20:318–332.
Tran T, Steffen J, Clancy K, Bird T, Egilman D. Talc, Asbestos, and Epidemiology: Corporate Influence and Scientific Incognizance. Epidemiology; 2019;30:783–788.
IARC. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts - A Review of Human Carcinogens. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; 2012: 100C.
Straif K, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Baan R, et al. Special Report: Policy. A review of human carcinogens—Part C: metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibres. Lancet 2009; 10:453–454.
Wyers H. Asbestosis. Postgrad Med J 1949; 25:631–638. illust.
Acheson ED, Gardner MJ, Pippard EC, Grime LP. Mortality of two groups of women who manufactured gas masks from chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos: a 40-year follow-up. Br J Ind Med 1982; 39:344–348.
Berry G, Newhouse ML, Wagner JC. Mortality from all cancers of asbestos factory workers in east London. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57:782–785.
Bulbulyan MA, Ilychova SA, Zahm SH, Astashevsky SV, Zaridze DG. Cancer mortality among women in the Russian printing industry. Am J Ind Med 1999; 36:166–171.
Ferrante D, Bertolotti M, Todesco A, Mirabelli D, Terracini B, Magnani C. Cancer mortality and incidence of mesothelioma in a cohort of wives of asbestos workers in Casale Monferrato, Italy. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:1401–1405.
Gardner MJ, Winter PD, Pannett B, Powell CA. Follow up study of workers manufacturing chrysotile asbestos cement products. Br J Ind Med 1986; 43:726–732.
Germani D, Belli S, Bruno C, et al. Cohort mortality study of women compensated for asbestosis in Italy. Am J Ind Med 1999; 36:129–134.
Clin B, Morlais F, Dubois B, et al. Occupational asbestos exposure and digestive cancers - a cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30:364–374.
Newhouse ML, Sullivan KR. A mortality study of workers manufacturing friction materials. Br J Ind Med 1989; 46:176–179.
Rosler JA, Woitowitz HJ, Lange HJ, Woitowitz RH, Ulm K, Rodelsperger K. Mortality rates in a female cohort following asbestos exposure in Germany. J Occup Med 1994; 36:889–893.
Tarchi M, Orsi D, Comba P, et al. Cohort mortality study of rock salt workers in Italy. Am J Ind Med 1994; 25:251–256.
Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Urszula W, Szymczak W, Strzelecka A. Mortality study of workers compensated for asbestosis in Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2002; 15:267–278.
Mamo C, Costa G. Mortality Experience in an Historical Cohort of Chrysotile Asbestos Textile Workers. Proceedings from the Global Asbestos Congress; November 19-21, 2004; Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Wilczynska U, Szymczak W, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N. Mortality from malignant neoplasms among workers of an asbestos processing plant in Poland: results of prolonged observation. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2005; 18:313–326.
McDonald JC, Harris JM, Berry G. Sixty years on: the price of assembling military gas masks in. Occup Environ Med 2006; 63:852–855.
Hein MJ, Stayner LT, Lehman E, Dement JM. Follow-up study of chrysotile textile workers: cohort mortality and exposure-response. Occup Environ Med 2007; 64:616–625.
Pira E, Pelucchi C, Piolatto PG, Negri E, Discalzi G, La Vecchia C. First and subsequent asbestos exposures in relation to mesothelioma and lung cancer mortality. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1300–1304.
Magnani C, Barone-Adesi FDF. Cancer risk after cessation of asbestos exposure: a cohort study of Italian Asbestos Cement Workers. Occup Environ Med 2008; 65:164–170.
Loomis D, Dement J, Wolf S, RIcherdson D. Lung cancer mortality and fibre exposures among North Carolina asbestos textile workers. Occup Environ Med 2009; 66:353–542.
Reid A, Segal A, Heyworth JS, de Klerk NH, Musk AW. Gynecologic and breast cancers in women after exposure to blue asbestos at Wittenoom. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:140–147.
Harding A-H, Darnton A, Wegerdt J, McElvenny D. Mortality among British asbestos workers undergoing regular medical examinations (1971–2005). Occup Environ Med 2009; 66:487–495.
Langseth H, Kjaerheim K. Ovarian cancer and occupational exposure among pulp and paper employees in Norway. Scan J Work Environ Health 2004; 30:356–361.
Pira E, Pelucchi C, Buffoni L, et al. Cancer mortality in a cohort of asbestos textile workers. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:580–586.
Pira ERC, Violante FS. Updated mortality study of a Cohort of asbestos textile workers. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2623–2628.
Reid A, Franklin P, Olsen N, et al. All-cause mortality and cancer incidence among adults exposed to blue asbestos during childhood. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:133–145.
Vasama-Neuvonen K, Pukkala E, Paakkulainen H, et al. Ovarian cancer and occupational exposures in Finland. Am J Ind Med 1999; 36:83–89.
Wang X, Lin S, Yu I, Qiu H, Lan Y, Yano E. Cause-specific mortality in a Chinese chrysotile textile worker cohort. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:245–249.
Wignall BK, Fox AJ. Mortality of female gas mask assemblers. Br J Ind Med 1982; 39:34–38.
Camargo MC, Stayner LT, Straif K, et al. Occupational exposure to asbestos and ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1211–1217.
Rohl A, Langer A, Selikoff I, et al. Consumer talcums and powders: mineral and chemical characterization. J Toxicol Environ Health 1976; 2:255–284.
Paoletti L, Caiazza S, Donelli G, Pocchiari F. Evaluation by electron microscopy techniques of asbestos contamination in industrial, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical talcs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1984; 4:222–235.
Blount A. “Amphibole Content of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Talcs” with attached letters and sample key; 1991:IMERY211157-211165.
Blount AM. Amphibole content of cosmetic and pharmaceutical talcs. Environ Health Perspect 1991; 94:225–230.
National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Jehan N. Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources with Special Reference to Asbestos and Silica in Northern Pakistan. 2004.
Floyd M. Exhibit PLT-00002-0001: Quantitative Analysis Report for Asbestos in Bulk Material TEM; 2004.
Mattenklott M. Asbestos in talc powders and soapstone- the present state. Gefahrstoffe - Reinhalt der Luft 2007; 67:287–291.
Ilgren E, Sartorio Carlo, Hoskins J. Analysis of an authentic historical Italian Cosmetic Talc sample – further evidence for the lack of cancer Risk. Environ Pollut 2017; 6:
Steffen JE, Tran T, Fassler EA, Egilman DS. Presence of Asbestos in Consumer Talc Products: Evaluating a “zero tolerance” Policy; 2017. Atlanta, GA: APHA.
Wells P. Memo: Johnson and Johnson Baby Powder- Review of Consumer Research; 1973. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:967137/. Accessed October 8, 2019.
Johnson Ja. 1969 & 1991 Shower to Shower and Specification. 1969; JNJ000280197 & JNJTALC000023772. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:958143/. Accessed October 8, 2019.
E-CFR. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations- Title 45- PART 46—Protection of Human Research Subjects; 2018. Available at: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=83cd09e1c0f5c6937cd9d7513160fc3f&pitd=20180719&n=pt45.1.46&r=PART&ty=HTML#se45.1.46_1104. Accessed October 8, 2019.
Johnson & Johnson. Happy Mother's Day: Mothers and Children in Our Ads Through the Years; 2012. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20170511033452/https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2012/05/happy-mothers-day-mothers-and-children-in-our-ads-through-the-years. Accessed June 6, 2017.
Johnson & Johnson. Johnson & Johnson and The Adventures of Robin Hood; 2013. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161218073707/http://www.kilmerhouse.com/2013/10/johnson-johnson-and-the-adventures-of-robin-hood/. Accessed December 18, 2016.
Minnitt RCA, Rice PM, Spangenberg C. Part 1: Understanding the components of the fundamental sampling error: a key to good sampling practice. J Southern Afr Instit Mining Metall 2007; 107:107–511.
Johnson & Johnson (J&J). Johnson & Johnson and Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc.'s Supplemental Answer to Interrogatory No. 3 of Plaintiff's First Set of Interrogatories. In. Jody E Ratcliff v American Honda Motor Co. Inc., et al.: Superior Court for Washington for King County; 2017.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Method 7400, Issue 2: ASBESTOS and OTHER FIBERS by PCM. In: 1994.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Method 7402, Issue 2: ASBESTOS by TEM. In: 1994.
EPA. Airborne Asbestos Health Assessment Update. In: EPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment; 1986.
Dement J, Shuler P, Zumwalde R. Preliminary Report: Fiber Exposure During Use of Baby Powders. NIOSH Environmental Investigations Branch; 1972.
Company CP. Defendant Colgate-Palmolive Company's Supplemental Responses And Objections To Plaintiff's Interrogatories 2-5, 7-12, 14-16, 19-22, 24-26, 32-37, and 39-42. In Re: Personal Injury And Wrongful Death Asbestos Litigation; 2013.
Palmolive C. Formula for Cashmere Bouquet. 1992; Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:958148/. Accessed October 8, 2019.
DeVito M, Schecter A. Exposure assessment to dioxins from the use of tampons and diapers. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:23–28.
Sauer B, Hildebrandt C, Franklin W, Hunt R. Resource and environmental profile analysis of children's diaper systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 1994; 13:1003–1009.
Thaman L, Eichenfield L. Diapering: a global perspective. Pediatric Dermatol 2014; 31:15–18.
Elzinga K, Mills D. Innovation and entry in the US disposable diaper industry. Ind Corporate Change 1996; 5:791–812.
Anderson EL, Sheehan PJ, Kalmes RM, Griffin JR. Assessment of health risk from historical use of cosmetic talcum powder. Risk Anal 2017; 37:918–929.
NRC. Asbestiform Fibers: Nonoccupational Health Risks. Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, National Research Council; 1984.
Hall JE. The physiology of respiration in infants and young children. Proc R Soc Med 1955; 48:761–764.
Fleming S, Thompson M, Stevens R, et al. Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: a systematic review of observational studies. Lancet 2011; 377:1011–1018.
Lacourt A, Gramond C, Rolland P, et al. Occupational and non-occupational attributable risk of asbestos exposure for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Thorax 2014; 69:532–539.
Surveillance E, and End Results Program. Cancer Stat Facts: Ovarian Cancer; 2016. Available at: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html. Accessed May 14, 2019.
ISO 10312:1995 Ambient air—Determination of asbestos fibres—Direct transfer transmission electron microscopy method. International Organization for Standardization; 1995.
ISO 13794:1999 Ambient air—Determination of asbestos fibres—Indirect-transfer transmission electron microscopy method. International Organization for Standardization; 1999.
ISO 22262-2:2014 Air quality—Bulk materials—Part 2: Quantitative determination of asbestos by gravimetric and microscopical methods. International Organization for Standardization; 2014.
EPA. Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act. 40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E – Asbestos Containing Materials in Schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1987.
ASTM D5756-02(2008), Standard Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Mass Surface Loading (Withdrawn 2017). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2008.
ASTM D5755-09(2014)e1, Standard Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loading. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2014.
ASTM D7712-18, Standard Terminology for Sampling and Analysis of Asbestos. West Conshohocken. PA: ASTM International; 2018.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research. In: Department of Health, Human Services - Centers for Disease Control, Prevention, ed., Vol, 62, Current Intelligence, Bulletin; 2011.
Whittaker Clark & Daniels. Review of Talc Meeting Held at South Kearny. In:1970:WCD002843-002844.
Whittaker Clark & Daniels. Inter-Office Correspondence. In:1970:FM-WCD-MOR-KAN 0002325.
Ferry DR. Letter to Mr. Robert G. Smith, President, Whittaker Clark & Daniels. In:1970:CAM-163.
Rohrbacher RG. Asbestos in the Allamoore Talc District, Hudspeth and Culberson Counties, Texas. Geological Circular: Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin; 1973.
Wylie AG, Huggins CW. Characteristics of a Potassium Winchite-Asbestos from the Allamoore Talc District, Texas. Canadian Mineraol 1980; 18:101–107.
Ingham Vs. Johnson and Johnson. Videotaped Deposition of Mathew Sanchez- Tuesday May 8, 2018; 2018. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20191211212735/https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:1047843/. Accessed November 31, 2019.
ENSR Corporation. Phase I Environmental Site Assessment and Environmental Compliance Assessment of the Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products Facility, Royston, Georgia; 2004. Available at: https://web.archive.org/save/; https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:1047828//. Accessed November 31, 2019.
Cynthia Hayes VS. Colgate Palmolive et al. Videotaped Deposition of Michael Burke Colgate Palmolive- July 10, 2018; 2019. Available at: https://web.archive.org/save/https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:1053202/. Accessed November 31, 2019.
Finley B, Pierce J, Phelka A, et al. Evaluation of tremolite asbestos exposures associated with the use of commercial products. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:119–146.
Alleman J, Mossman B. Asbestos revisited. Scientific Am 1997; 227:70–75.
Virta R. Mineral Commodity Profiles—Asbestos. In: Interior UDot, ed. Reston, Virginia: US Geological Survey (USGS); 2005.
Dodson R, Levin J. An Unusual Case of Mixed-Dust Exposure Involving a “Noncommercial” Asbestos. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:199–203.
Churg A, Warnock M. Analysis of the cores of ferruginous (asbestos) bodies from the general populations. Lab Investig 1979; 40:622–626.
Finkelstein M. Malignant Mesothelioma and its nonasbestos causes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 143:659–660.
Henderson DW, Silkin, Langlois SLP, Whitaker D. Malignant mesothelioma. The Cancer Series. New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing; 1992.
Roggli VL. Roggli VL, Sporn TA, Oury TD. Asbestos bodies and nonasbestos ferruginous bodies. Pathology of Asbestos-Associated Diseases. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2004. 34–70.
Glickman L, Domanski L, Maguire T, Dubielzig R, Churg A. Mesothelioma in pet dogs associated with exposure of their owners to asbestos. Environ Res 1983; 32:305–313.
Attanoos RL, Gibbs AR. Primary malignant gonadal mesotheliomas and asbestos. Histopathology 2000; 37:150–159.
British Columbia: Ministry of Environment. Technical guidance on Contaiminated Site: Chapter 12 Composite Sample; 2005: 10–12.
Egilman D. Health Effects of Censored Elongated Mineral Particles: A Critical Review. In: Brisson M, ed. Detection Limits in Air Quality and Environmental Measurements - STP 1618. Vol Detection Limits in Air Quality And Environmental Measurements; 2019.
Cralley L. Fibrous and mineral content of cosmetic talcum products. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1968; 29:350–354.
Egilman D, Steffen J. Commentary on “Assessment of Health Risk from Historical Use of Cosmetic Talcum Powder”. New Solut 2018; 28:400–409.
Russell R. Special Talc Studies - JBP, Respirable Particle Measurements During Adult Usage, Project #0503.01. In:1977:JNJ000886943-000886945.
Burns A, Barlow C, Banducci A, Unice K, Sahmel J. Potential airborne asbestos exposure and risk associated with the historical use of cosmetic talcum powder products. Risk Anal 2019; 39:2272–2294.
Moon MC, Park JD, Choi BS, et al. Risk assessment of baby powder exposure through inhalation. Toxicol Res 2011; 27:137–141.
Addison J, JMG. D. A comparison of the carcinogenicity of six tremolites using the intraperitoneal injection assay in rats. In: Proceedings of the VIIth International Pneumoconiosis Conference. Pittsburgh: NIOSH-ILO; 1998.
Langer AM. Letter to Dr. Gavin Hildick-Smith, Director of Clinical Research, Johnson & Johnson. In:1971:JNJ000288077-000288078.
Graham J, Graham R. Ovarian cancer and asbestos. Environ Res 1967; 1:115–128.
Cramer DW, Welch WR, Berkowitz RS, Godleski JJ. Presence of talc in pelvic lymph nodes of a woman with ovarian cancer and long-term genital exposure to cosmetic talc. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110 (2 pt 2):498–501.
Langseth H, Johansen BV, Nesland JM, Kjaerheim K. Asbestos fibers in ovarian tissue from Norwegian pulp and paper workers. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:44–49.
Musti M, Massaro T, Cavone D, et al. Exposure to asbestos and risk of occurrence of primary ovarian mesothelioma. Note II: Description of two case studies. Conference Paper 2009.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA Standard 1915.1000 - Air contaminants. Occup. Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment, Toxic and Hazardous Substances - Air Contaminants; 2017. Available at: http://web.archive.org/web/20190401215023/https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1915/1915.1000. Accessed April 1, 2019.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Part 57-Health and Safety Standards - Metal and Nonmetallic Underground Mines, Miscellaneous Amendments. Federal Reg 1974; 39:24319.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Part 1910 - occupational safety and health standards, subpart g - occupational health and environmental control. Federal Reg 1972; 37:22139–22163.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42. In. Vol Supplement No. 71987.
Hildick-Smith G, Nashed W. Memo: Johnson & Johnson Meeting with the Commisioner: Substantial Asbestos Can be Allowed Safely in a Baby Powder. 1974; JNJ 000307413. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:841462/. Accessed November 31, 2019.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). AMA Analytical Services, Inc. Summary of Asbestos and Talc Analysis – Claire's 2019. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/127825/download. Accessed November 31, 2019.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). AMA Analytical Services, Inc. Summary of Asbestos and Talc Analysis – Johnson & Johnson – Baby Powder Lot #22318RB; 2019. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/131989/download. Accessed November 31, 2019.
Images of labels for Angel of Mine and Perfect Purity talc powder products; 2018.
Imerys. Rio Tinto Minerals Talc MSDS; 2009.
Rio Tinto Minerals. Material Data Safety Sheet - Talc, Version 1.0. In:2006:IMERYS042245-042249.
Johnson & Johnson. Safety Data Sheet - Johnson's Baby Powder; 2015:1–7.
Johnson & Johnson (J&J). Technological Forecast - Powders. In:1986:JNJ000000523-JNJ000000536.
Johnson & Johnson (J&J). Introducing Johnson & Johnson Baby Cornstarch - Advertisement. In:1984:JNJ000060260.
Nicholson S. Email to J. James and I. Ahmed, FW: Cornstarch containing JBP (with attachments). In:2016:JNJ000526749-JNJ000526754.