Investigating police officers' perceptions of their role in pathways to mental healthcare.
care pathways
decision-making
mental health emergencies
multi-agency working
police
training
Journal
Health & social care in the community
ISSN: 1365-2524
Titre abrégé: Health Soc Care Community
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9306359
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 2020
05 2020
Historique:
received:
29
01
2019
revised:
30
10
2019
accepted:
25
11
2019
pubmed:
11
1
2020
medline:
17
3
2021
entrez:
11
1
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In the United Kingdom, one-in-four individuals with mental health problems access mental healthcare with police involvement. However, little is known about police officers' perceptions of their role in pathways to services. The aim of this study was to examine UK police officers' views and experiences of their involvement in mental healthcare, focusing on decision-making in emergency situations. Using volunteer sampling, we recruited 15 police officers from a large metropolitan conurbation in the North West of England. Semi-structured interviews, including a vignette depicting a mental health emergency, were used to elicit data. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed at the manifest level using thematic analysis, yielding three main themes: 'Doing What's Right', 'Challenges of Working Together' and 'Training versus Experience'. Our findings indicate that, while police officers believe they have a duty of care to protect people in mental health emergencies, they sometimes lack relevant knowledge, skills and confidence in decision-making. Challenges associated with multi-agency working were also perceived as impeding officers' ability to effectively manage these emergencies. Our findings suggest that strengthening multi-agency working and improving training might positively influence police officers' views of their role and maximise their contribution to improving emergency mental healthcare.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
913-921Informations de copyright
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Bhui, K., Ullrich, S., & Coid, J. W. (2014). Which pathways to psychiatric care lead to earlier treatment and a shorter duration of first-episode psychosis? BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-72
Booth, A., Scantlebury, A., Hughes-Morley, A., Mitchell, N., Wright, K., Scott, W., & McDaid, C. (2017). Mental health training programmes for non-mental health trained professionals coming into contact with people with mental ill health: A systematic review of effectiveness. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1356-5
Borum, R. (2000). Improving high risk encounters between people with mental illness and the police. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 332-337.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brown, S. G., & Daus, C. S. (2015). The influence of police officers decision-making style and anger control on responses to work scenarios. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4, 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j-jarmac.2015.04.001
Coleman, T., & Cotton, D. (2014). TEMPO: A contemporary model for police education and training about mental illness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 37(4), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2014.02.002
College of Policing (2015). Estimating Demand on the Police Services. Retrieved 10th February 2018 from, http://www.college.police.uk/News/College-news/Documents/Demand%20Report%2023_1_15_noBleed.pdf#search=demand%20
College of Policing (2016). National Decision Making Model. Retrieved 28th July 2016 from, https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/national-decision-model/the-national-decision-model/
College of Policing (2017). Core Planning Principles. Retrieved 10th February 2018 from, https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/operations/operational-planning/core-principles/
Cooper, V. G., Mclearen, A. M., & Zapf, P. A. (2004). Dispositional decisions with the mentally ill: Police perceptions and characteristics. Police Quarterly, 7(3), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611104267733
Cordner, G. (2006). The Problem of People with Mental Illness. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice.
Department of Health and Social Care (2018). Modernizing the Mental Health Act - Final report from the independent review. United Kingdom: Department of Health and Social Care.
Franz, S., & Borum, R. (2011). Crisis intervention teams may prevent arrests of people with mental illnesses. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 12(3), 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2010.497664
Fry, A. J., O'Riordan, D. P., & Geanellos, R. (2002). Social control agents or front-line carers for people with mental health problems: Police and mental health services in Sydney, Australia. Health & Social Care in the Community, 10(4), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2524.2002.00371.x
Gajwani, R., Parsons, H., Birchwood, M., & Singh, S. P. (2016). Ethnicity and detention: Are Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups disproportionately detained under the Mental Health Act 2007? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(5), 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1181-z
Gillig, P. M., Dumaine, M., Stammer, J. W., Hillard, J. R., & Grubb, P. (1990). What do police officers really want from the mental health system? Psychiatric Services, 41(6), 663-665. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.41.6.663
Health and Social Care Information Centre (2014). Inpatients Formally Detained in Hospitals Under the Mental Health Act 1983, and Patients Subject to Supervised Community Treatment, Annual figures England, 2013/14. Retrieved February 10th 2018 from, https://digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB18803
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services, 2016Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (2016). More about this area. Retrieved 15th April 2019, from www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (2018). Policing and Mental Health: Picking up the Pieces. United Kingdom: HMICFRS.
Heslin, M., Callaghan, L., Barrett, B., Lea, S., Eick, S., Morgan, J., & Patel, A. (2016). Costs of the police service and mental healthcare pathways experienced by individuals with enduring mental health needs. The British Journal of Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.159129
Home Office. (2016). Police Workforce, England and Wales, 31 March 2016. Retrieved 15th April 2019, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Horspool, K., Drabble, S. J., & O'Cathain, A. (2016). Implementing street triage: A qualitative study of collaboration between police and mental health services. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 313. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1026-z
Independent Review of the Mental Health Act 1983 (2018). Independent Review of the Mental Health Act 1983. Retrieved 6th December 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modernising-the-mental-health-act-final-report-from-the-independent-review.
Johnsen, B. H., Espevik, R., Saus, E. R., Sanden, S., & Olsen, O. K. (2016). Note on a training program for brief decision making for frontline police officers. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 31, 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-015-9180-7
Joint Commissioning Panel for Mental Health (2014). Guidance for commissioners of mental health services for people from black and minority ethnic communities. Retrieved 16th May 2019, from https://www.jcpmh.info/
Khan, R. A. G., Khan, F. A., & Khan, M. A. (2011). Impact of training and development on organizational performance. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 11(7).
Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. E. (2005). The shift of psychiatric inpatient care from hospitals to jails and prisons. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 33(4), 529-534.
Lamb, H. R., Weinberger, L. E., & DeCuir, W. J. Jr (2002). The police and mental health. Psychiatric Services, 53(10), 1266-1271. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.10.1266
Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 324. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161306
Lloyd, T. (2014). Written evidence submitted by the police and crime commissioner for greater manchester. Retrieved November 25, 2015, from http://www.gmpcc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Policing-and-mental-health-HAC-evidence-published-13-May-2014.pdf
MacPherson, W. (1999). The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home department by Command of Her Majesty.
McGeough, E., & Foster, R. (2018). What works? Collaborative police and health interventions for mental health distress. Scotland: Scottish Government.
McGuire, A. B., & Bond, G. R. (2011). Critical elements of the crisis intervention team model of jail diversion: An expert survey. Behavioural Sciences & the Law, 29, 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.941
Mclean, N., & Marshall, L. A. (2010). A front line police perspective of mental health issues and services. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 20(1), 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.756
Memon, A., Taylor, K., Mohebati, L. M., Sundin, J., Cooper, M., Scanlon, T., & Visser, R. (2016). Perceived barriers to accessing mental health services among black and minority ethnic communities: A qualitative study in Southeast England. British Medical Journal Open, 6, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012337
Mental Health Act (2007). Mental Health Act 2007. Retrieved 29th July 2016, from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/pdfs/ukpga_20070012_en.pdf
Mental Health Act Review (2018). Independent Review of the Mental Health Act. Retrieved 16th January 2019, from https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/independent-review-of-the-mental-health-act
Mind. (2013). Police and mental health: How to get it right locally. London: Mind.
NHS. (2019). Dealing with a mental health emergency or crisis. Retrieved 17th April 2019 from, www.nhs.uk
Noga, H. L., Walsh, E. C., Shaw, J. J., & Senior, J. (2015). The development of a mental health screening tool and referral pathway for police custody. European Journal of Public Health, 25, 237-242. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku160
Paton, F., Wright, K., Ayre, N., Dare, C., Johnson, S., Lloyd-Evans, B., … Meader, N. (2016). Improving outcomes for people in mental health crisis: A rapid synthesis of the evidence for available models of care. Health Technology Assessment, 20, https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20030
Psarra, V., Sestrini, M., Santa, Z., Petsas, D., Gerontas, A., Garnetas, C., & Kontis, K. (2008). Greek police officers' attitudes towards the mentally ill. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2007.11.011
Rethink Mental Illness, 2017Rethink Mental Illness (2017). Police stations - roles. Retrieved 17th April 2019, from www.rethink.org
Scantlebury, A., Fairhurst, C., Booth, A., McDaid, C., Moran, N., Parker, A., … Hewitt, C. (2017). Effectiveness of a training program for police officers who come into contact with people with mental health problems: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Public Library of Science ONE, 12(9), e0184377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377
Schoenberg, N. E., & Ravdal, H. (2000). Using vignettes in awareness and attitudinal research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/136455700294932
Tobin, G. A., & Begley, C. M. (2004). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x
Vermette, H. S., Pinals, D. A., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2005). Mental health training for law enforcement professionals. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 33(1), 42-46.
Vize, C., Humphries, S., Brandling, J., & Mistral, W. (2008). New Ways of Working: Time to get off the fence. Psychiatric Bulletin, 32, 44-45. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.107.016279
Watson, A. C., & Fulambarker, A. J. (2012). The crisis intervention team model of police response to mental health crises: A primer for mental health practitioners. Best Practice Mental Health, 8(2), 71.
Wells, W., & Schafer, J. A. (2006). Officers Perceptions of police responses to persons with a mental illness. Policing, 29, 578-601. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510610711556