Clinical, host-derived immune biomarkers and microbiological outcomes with adjunctive photochemotherapy compared with local antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of peri-implantitis in cigarette smokers.

The aim of this study was designed to assess the peri-implant oral hygiene parameters, clinical, radiographic, host-derived immune biomarkers and microbiological levels after photochemotherapy (PCT) and local antibiotic therapy (LAT) in peri-implantitis lesions among cigarette smokers. Fifty current cigarette smokers with peri-implantitis were divided into two groups: PCT and LAT. Test implants received PCT that consisted of toluidine blue photosensitizer and application of 660 nm diode laser with a total of 100 mW power and 124.3 W/cm Plaque scores reduced in both groups (p < 0.05). Mean BOP percentage significantly increased in both the groups at 1-month follow-up compared to baseline. Following this period, BOP showed reduction from 1-month to consecutive follow-up periods. The PD significantly reduced in both the groups with no statistically significant difference when compared between PCT and LAT groups at follow-up (p > 0.05). CAL did not change over the period and between both groups (p > 0.05). The differences from baseline to 12 months and between the groups for mesial and distal crestal bone levels did not show any statistical significance (p > 0.05). The levels of IL-1β significantly dropped from baseline to 12 months in the LAT group (p < 0.05). However, for PCT groups, the levels of IL-1β significantly reduced only at 12-month visit follow-up (p < 0.05). MMP-1 showed statistically significant reduction at 9 and 12-months compared with baseline for LAT group. Both P. gingivalis and T. forsythia showed statistically significant reduction in both the groups when values were compared from baseline to 3-, 6- and 12-months follow-up (p < 0.05). However, these differences were not significant when compared between the groups (p > 0.05). Both PCT and LAT showed equal efficacies in improving clinical, host-derived immune biomarkers and microbiological parameters in peri-implant infection in cigarette smokers.

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