Burn injury.
Journal
Nature reviews. Disease primers
ISSN: 2056-676X
Titre abrégé: Nat Rev Dis Primers
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101672103
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
13 02 2020
13 02 2020
Historique:
accepted:
20
12
2019
entrez:
15
2
2020
pubmed:
15
2
2020
medline:
3
2
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Burn injuries are under-appreciated injuries that are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Burn injuries, particularly severe burns, are accompanied by an immune and inflammatory response, metabolic changes and distributive shock that can be challenging to manage and can lead to multiple organ failure. Of great importance is that the injury affects not only the physical health, but also the mental health and quality of life of the patient. Accordingly, patients with burn injury cannot be considered recovered when the wounds have healed; instead, burn injury leads to long-term profound alterations that must be addressed to optimize quality of life. Burn care providers are, therefore, faced with a plethora of challenges including acute and critical care management, long-term care and rehabilitation. The aim of this Primer is not only to give an overview and update about burn care, but also to raise awareness of the ongoing challenges and stigmata associated with burn injuries.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32054846
doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5
pii: 10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5
pmc: PMC7224101
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
11Subventions
Organisme : NIGMS NIH HHS
ID : R01 GM128242
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIGMS NIH HHS
ID : R01 GM087285
Pays : United States
Organisme : CIHR
ID : 123336
Pays : Canada
Références
American Burn Association. National Burn Repository 2019 Update, Report of data from 2009–2018 ameriburn.site-ym.com https://ameriburn.site-ym.com/store/ViewProduct.aspx?id=14191872 (2019).
Lee, R. C. Injury by electrical forces: pathophysiology, manifestations, and therapy. Curr. Probl. Surg. 34, 677–764 (1997).
pubmed: 9365421
doi: 10.1016/S0011-3840(97)80007-X
Nguyen, C. M., Chandler, R., Ratanshi, I. & Logsetty, S. in Handbook of Burns Vol. 1 (eds. Jeschke, M. G., Kamolz, L.-P., Sjöberg, F. & Wolf, S. E.) 529–547 (Springer, 2020).
Jeschke, M. G. et al. Long-term persistance of the pathophysiologic response to severe burn injury. PLoS One 6, e21245 (2011). This is the first trial to demonstrate that the pathophysiological, immune and inflammatory changes persist for a long time after burn injury.
pubmed: 21789167
pmcid: 3138751
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021245
Jeschke, M. G. et al. Pathophysiologic response to severe burn injury. Ann. Surg. 248, 387–401 (2008).
pubmed: 18791359
pmcid: 3905467
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318176c4b3
Stanojcic, M., Abdullahi, A., Rehou, S., Parousis, A. & Jeschke, M. G. Pathophysiological response to burn injury in adults. Ann. Surg. 267, 576–584 (2018).
pubmed: 29408836
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002097
Porter, C. et al. The metabolic stress response to burn trauma: current understanding and therapies. Lancet 388, 1417–1426 (2016).
pubmed: 27707498
pmcid: 5753602
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31469-6
Burnett, E., Gawaziuk, J. P., Shek, K. & Logsetty, S. Healthcare resource utilization associated with burns and necrotizing fasciitis. J. Burn Care Res. 38, e886–e891 (2017).
pubmed: 28296669
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000513
Enns, J. et al. Mental and physical health outcomes in parents of children with burn injuries as compared with matched controls. J. Burn Care Res. 37, e18–e26 (2016).
pubmed: 26361326
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000309
Logsetty, S. et al. Mental health outcomes of burn: a longitudinal population-based study of adults hospitalized for burns. Burns 42, 738–744 (2016).
pubmed: 27049068
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.03.006
Mason, S. A. et al. Increased rate of long-term mortality among burn survivors. Ann. Surg. 269, 1192–1199 (2019). Together with Logsetty et al. (2016), this paper looks at long-term outcomes from the mortality and mental health aspects.
pubmed: 31082920
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002722
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A National Trauma Care System: Integrating Military and Civilian Trauma Systems to Achieve Zero Preventable Deaths After Injury (National Academies Press, 2016).
World Health Organization. Burns. WHO https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns (WHO, 2018).
Stone, J. et al. Outcomes in adult survivors of childhood burn injuries as compared with matched controls. J. Burn Care Res. 37, e166–e173 (2016).
pubmed: 26594866
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000323
Rybarczyk, M. M. et al. A systematic review of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: epidemiology in the WHO-defined African region. Afr. J. Emerg. Med. 7, 30–37 (2017).
pubmed: 30456103
pmcid: 6234151
doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.01.006
Stylianou, N., Buchan, I. & Dunn, K. W. A review of the international Burn Injury Database (iBID) for England and Wales: descriptive analysis of burn injuries 2003–2011. BMJ Open 5, e006184 (2015).
pubmed: 25724981
pmcid: 4346673
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006184
Sethi, J., Gawaziuk, J. P., Cristall, N. & Logsetty, S. The relationship between income and burn incidence in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: a population health study. J. Burn Care Res. 39, 645–651 (2018).
pubmed: 29668999
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iry017
Padalko, A., Cristall, N., Gawaziuk, J. P. & Logsetty, S. Social complexity and risk for pediatric burn injury: a systematic review. J. Burn Care Res. 40, 478–499 (2019).
pubmed: 30918946
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irz059
Peck, M. & Pressman, M. A. The correlation between burn mortality rates from fire and flame and economic status of countries. Burns 39, 1054–1059 (2013).
pubmed: 23768720
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.04.010
Spiwak, R., Logsetty, S., Afifi, T. O. & Sareen, J. Severe partner perpetrated burn: examining a nationally representative sample of women in India. Burns 41, 1847–1854 (2015).
pubmed: 26445017
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.08.035
Ready, F. L. et al. Epidemiologic shifts for burn injury in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2016: implications for public health measures. Burns 44, 1839–1843 (2018).
pubmed: 30072197
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.04.005
World Health Organization. Global Burn Registry. WHO https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/burns/gbr/en/ (WHO, 2019). A resource that illustrates the creation of a cheap, easy-to-use registry to better understand the epidemiology of burn injuries around the world.
Smolle, C. et al. Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: a systematic review. Burns 43, 249–257 (2017).
pubmed: 27600982
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.08.013
Greenhalgh, D. G. Management of burns. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 2349–2359 (2019).
pubmed: 31189038
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1807442
World Life Expectancy. World Health Rankings https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/fires/by-country (2017).
Bayuo, J., Agbenorku, P., Amankwa, R. & Agbenorku, M. Epidemiology and outcomes of burn injury among older adults in a Ghanaian tertiary hospital. Burns Open 2, 98–103 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.burnso.2017.12.003
Sanghavi, P., Bhalla, K. & Das, V. Fire-related deaths in India in 2001: a retrospective analysis of data. Lancet 373, 1282–1288 (2009).
pubmed: 19250664
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60235-X
Tegtmeyer, L. C. et al. Retrospective analysis on thermal injuries in children—demographic, etiological and clinical data of German and Austrian pediatric hospitals 2006–2015—approaching the new German burn registry. Burns 44, 150–157 (2018).
pubmed: 28645714
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.05.013
Dissanaike, S. & Rahimi, M. Epidemiology of burn injuries: highlighting cultural and socio-demographic aspects. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 21, 505–511 (2009).
pubmed: 19919203
doi: 10.3109/09540260903340865
Atwell, K., Bartley, C., Cairns, B. & Charles, A. The effect of pre-existing seizure disorders on mortality and hospital length of stay following burn injury. J. Burn Care Res. 40, 979–982 (2019).
pubmed: 31420660
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irz141
Kallinen, O., Maisniemi, K., Böhling, T., Tukiainen, E. & Koljonen, V. Multiple organ failure as a cause of death in patients with severe burns. J. Burn Care Res. 33, 206–211 (2012).
pubmed: 21979843
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182331e73
Nielson, C. B., Duethman, N. C., Howard, J. M., Moncure, M. & Wood, J. G. Burns: pathophysiology of systemic complications and current management. J. Burn Care Res. 38, e469–e481 (2017).
pubmed: 27183443
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000355
Osuka, A., Ogura, H., Ueyama, M., Shimazu, T. & Lederer, J. A. Immune response to traumatic injury: harmony and discordance of immune system homeostasis. Acute Med. Surg. 1, 63–69 (2014).
pubmed: 29930824
pmcid: 5997205
doi: 10.1002/ams2.17
Sood, R. F. et al. Early leukocyte gene expression associated with age, burn size, and inhalation injury in severely burned adults. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 80, 250–257 (2016).
pubmed: 26517785
pmcid: 4731271
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000905
Xiao, W. et al. A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J. Exp. Med. 208, 2581–2590 (2011).
pubmed: 22110166
pmcid: 3244029
doi: 10.1084/jem.20111354
Rowan, M. P. et al. Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements. Crit. Care 19, (2015). This article provides a comprehensive description of cytokine storm after burn and other traumatic injuries.
Muthu, K. et al. Perturbed bone marrow monocyte development following burn injury and sepsis promote hyporesponsive monocytes. J. Burn Care Res. 29, 12–21 (2008).
pubmed: 18182893
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e31815fa499
Rae, L., Fidler, P. & Gibran, N. The physiologic basis of burn shock and the need for aggressive fluid resuscitation. Crit. Care Clin. 32, 491–505 (2016).
pubmed: 27600122
doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.06.001
Guillory, A., Clayton, R., Herndon, D. & Finnerty, C. Cardiovascular dysfunction following burn injury: what we have learned from rat and mouse models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 53 (2016).
pmcid: 4730298
doi: 10.3390/ijms17010053
pubmed: 4730298
Lorente, J. A. et al. Systemic hemodynamics, gastric intramucosal PCO2 changes, and outcome in critically ill burn patients. Crit. Care Med. 28, 1728–1735 (2000).
pubmed: 10890610
doi: 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00005
Vaughn, L. & Beckel, N. Severe burn injury, burn shock, and smoke inhalation injury in small animals. Part 1: burn classification and pathophysiology: severe burn injury and smoke inhalation injury. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 22, 179–186 (2012).
doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00727.x
Keck, M., Herndon, D. H., Kamolz, L. P., Frey, M. & Jeschke, M. G. Pathophysiology of burns. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 159, 327–336 (2009).
pubmed: 19652939
doi: 10.1007/s10354-009-0651-2
Brooks, N. C. et al. XBP-1s is linked to suppressed gluconeogenesis in the ebb phase of burn injury. Mol. Med. 19, 72–78 (2013).
pubmed: 23508570
pmcid: 3667210
doi: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00348
Jeschke, M. G. et al. Calcium and ER stress mediate hepatic apoptosis after burn injury. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13, 1857–1865 (2009).
pubmed: 20141609
pmcid: 2855735
doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00644.x
Jeschke, M. G. The hepatic response to thermal injury: is the liver important for postburn outcomes? Mol. Med. 15, 337–351 (2009).
pubmed: 19603107
pmcid: 2710295
doi: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00005
Jeschke, M. G. Postburn hypermetabolism: past, present, and future. J. Burn Care Res. 37, 86–96 (2016).
pubmed: 26132047
pmcid: 4691431
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000265
Sidossis, L. S. et al. Browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in humans after severe adrenergic stress. Cell Metab. 22, 219–227 (2015).
pubmed: 26244931
pmcid: 4541608
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.022
Gore, D. C. et al. Hyperglycemia exacerbates muscle protein catabolism in burn-injured patients. Crit. Care Med. 30, 2438–2442 (2002).
pubmed: 12441751
doi: 10.1097/00003246-200211000-00006
Hart, D. W. et al. Persistence of muscle catabolism after severe burn. Surgery 128, 312–319 (2000).
pubmed: 10923010
doi: 10.1067/msy.2000.108059
Patsouris, D. et al. Burn induces browning of the subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice and humans. Cell Rep. 13, 1538–1544 (2015).
pubmed: 26586436
pmcid: 4662886
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.028
Finnerty, C. C. et al. Determination of burn patient outcome by large-scale quantitative discovery proteomics. Crit. Care Med. 41, 1421–1434 (2013).
pubmed: 23507713
pmcid: 3660437
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827c072e
Seok, J. et al. Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 3507–3512 (2013). This landmark study demonstrates that the genomic response observed in humans to burn injury is highly correlated with that to trauma and simulated sepsis, suggesting that if an intervention targeting the response is effective for one type of insult, it may be effective against all three.
pubmed: 23401516
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1222878110
Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801–810 (2016).
pubmed: 26903338
pmcid: 4968574
doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287
Kupper, T. S., Green, D. R., Durum, S. K. & Baker, C. C. Defective antigen presentation to a cloned T helper cell by macrophages from burned mice can be restored with interleukin-1. Surgery 98, 199–206 (1985).
pubmed: 3161195
Miyazaki, H., Kinoshita, M., Ono, S., Seki, S. & Saitoh, D. Burn-evoked reactive oxygen species immediately after injury are crucial to restore the neutrophil function against postburn infection in mice. Shock 44, 252–257 (2015).
pubmed: 26009813
doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000404
Hampson, P. et al. Neutrophil dysfunction, immature granulocytes, and cell-free DNA are early biomarkers of sepsis in burn-injured patients: a prospective observational cohort study. Ann. Surg. 265, 1241–1249 (2017).
pubmed: 27232244
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001807
Antonacci, A. C. et al. Autologous and allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte responses following thermal injury in man: the immunomodulatory effects of interleukin 1, interleukin 2, and a prostaglandin inhibitor, WY-18251. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 30, 304–320 (1984).
pubmed: 6229378
doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(84)90064-3
Baker, C. C., Miller, C. L. & Trunkey, D. D. Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients. J. Trauma 19, 641–648 (1979).
pubmed: 385911
doi: 10.1097/00005373-197909000-00001
Murphy, T. J., Paterson, H. M., Mannick, J. A. & Lederer, J. A. Injury, sepsis, and the regulation of Toll-like receptor responses. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 400–407 (2003).
pubmed: 14557385
doi: 10.1189/jlb.0503233
Schlüter, B., König, W., Köller, M., Erbs, G. & Müller, F. E. Differential regulation of T- and B-lymphocyte activation in severely burned patients. J. Trauma 31, 239–246 (1991).
pubmed: 1825229
doi: 10.1097/00005373-199102000-00015
Wood, J. J. et al. Inadequate interleukin 2 production. Ann. Surg. 200, 311–320 (1984).
pubmed: 6331804
pmcid: 1250477
doi: 10.1097/00000658-198409000-00008
Messingham, K. A., Faunce, D. E. & Kovacs, E. J. Alcohol, injury, and cellular immunity. Alcohol 28, 137–149 (2002).
pubmed: 12551755
doi: 10.1016/S0741-8329(02)00278-1
Lachiewicz, A. M., Hauck, C. G., Weber, D. J., Cairns, B. A. & van Duin, D. Bacterial infections after burn injuries: impact of multidrug resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, 2130–2136 (2017).
pubmed: 29194526
pmcid: 5850038
doi: 10.1093/cid/cix682
Rech, M. A. et al. Outcomes in burn-injured patients who develop sepsis. J. Burn Care Res. 40, 269–273 (2019).
pubmed: 30805641
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irz017
Ballard, J. et al. Positive fungal cultures in burn patients: a multicenter review. J. Burn Care Res. 29, 213–221 (2008).
pubmed: 18182925
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e31815f6ecb
Gomez, R. et al. Causes of mortality by autopsy findings of combat casualties and civilian patients admitted to a burn unit. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 208, 348–354 (2009).
pubmed: 19317995
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.11.012
Horvath, E. E. et al. Fungal wound infection (not colonization) is independently associated with mortality in burn patients. Ann. Surg. 245, 978–985 (2007).
pubmed: 17522525
pmcid: 1876957
doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000256914.16754.80
Gosain, A. & Gamelli, R. L. Role of the gastrointestinal tract in burn sepsis. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 26, 85–91 (2005).
pubmed: 15640741
doi: 10.1097/01.BCR.0000150212.21651.79
Magnotti, L. J., Xu, D. Z., Lu, Q. & Deitch, E. A. Gut-derived mesenteric lymph: a link between burn and lung injury. Arch. Surg. 134, 1333–1340 (1999).
pubmed: 10593331
doi: 10.1001/archsurg.134.12.1333
Herndon, D. N. & Zeigler, S. T. Bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Crit. Care Med. 21, S50–S54 (1993).
pubmed: 8428498
doi: 10.1097/00003246-199302001-00010
Baron, P. et al. Gut failure and translocation following burn and sepsis. J. Surg. Res. 57, 197–204 (1994).
pubmed: 8041138
doi: 10.1006/jsre.1994.1131
Deitch, E. A. & Berg, R. Bacterial translocation from the gut. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 8, 475–482 (1987).
pubmed: 3125184
doi: 10.1097/00004630-198708060-00005
Beckmann, N., Pugh, A. M. & Caldwell, C. C. Burn injury alters the intestinal microbiome’s taxonomic composition and functional gene expression. PLoS One 13, e0205307 (2018).
pubmed: 30289947
pmcid: 6173435
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205307
Earley, Z. M. et al. Burn injury alters the intestinal microbiome and increases gut permeability and bacterial translocation. PLoS One 10, e0129996 (2015). This article discusses changes in the gut microbiota in human patients with burn injuries and in a mouse model of burn injury.
pubmed: 26154283
pmcid: 4496078
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129996
Deitch, E. A., Maejima, K. & Berg, R. Effect of oral antibiotics and bacterial overgrowth on the translocation of the GI tract microflora in burned rats. J. Trauma 25, 385–392 (1985).
pubmed: 3889357
doi: 10.1097/00005373-198505000-00002
Deitch, E. A., Lu, Q., Feketeova, E., Hauser, C. J. & Xu, D.-Z. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth induces the production of biologically active intestinal lymph. J. Trauma 56, 105–110 (2004).
pubmed: 14749575
doi: 10.1097/01.TA.0000054650.15837.1B
Diamant, M., Blaak, E. E. & de Vos, W. M. Do nutrient-gut-microbiota interactions play a role in human obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes? Obes. Rev. 12, 272–281 (2010).
pubmed: 20804522
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00797.x
Mutlu, E. et al. Intestinal dysbiosis: a possible mechanism of alcohol-induced endotoxemia and alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 33, 1836–1846 (2009).
pubmed: 19645728
pmcid: 3684271
doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01022.x
Sekirov, I., Russell, S. L., Antunes, L. C. M. & Finlay, B. B. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol. Rev. 90, 859–904 (2010).
pubmed: 20664075
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2009
Shimizu, K. et al. Altered gut flora and environment in patients with severe SIRS. J. Trauma 60, 126–133 (2006).
pubmed: 16456446
doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000197374.99755.fe
Rehberg, S. et al. Pathophysiology, management and treatment of smoke inhalation injury. Expert. Rev. Respir. Med. 3, 283–297 (2009).
pubmed: 20161170
pmcid: 2722076
doi: 10.1586/ers.09.21
Endorf, F. W. & Gamelli, R. L. Inhalation injury, pulmonary perturbations, and fluid resuscitation. J. Burn Care Res. 28, 80–83 (2007).
pubmed: 17211205
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0B013E31802C889F
Grigorian, A. et al. Rising mortality in patients with combined burn and trauma. Burns 44, 1989–1996 (2018).
pubmed: 30075972
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.07.003
Krishnan, P., Frew, Q., Green, A., Martin, R. & Dziewulski, P. Cause of death and correlation with autopsy findings in burns patients. Burns 39, 583–588 (2013).
pubmed: 23137628
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.09.017
Capek, K. D., Culnan, D. M., Merkley, K., Huan, T. T. & Trocme, S. in Total Burn Care 5th edn (ed. Herndon, D. N.) 435–444 (Elsevier, 2018).
American Burn Association. Prevention. ameriburn.org https://ameriburn.org/prevention (2019).
American Burn Association. Verification Criteria Effective October 1, 2019. ameriburn.org http://ameriburn.org/quality-care/verification/verification-criteria/verification-criteria-effective-october-1-2019/ (2019).
Peck, M., Molnar, J. & Swart, D. A global plan for burn prevention and care. Bull. World Health Organ. 87, 802–803 (2009).
pubmed: 19876549
pmcid: 2755313
doi: 10.2471/BLT.08.059733
World Health Organization. Burn prevention: success stories, lessons learned https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/97938/9789241501187_eng.pdf (WHO, 2011).
Folz, D. H. & Shults, C. The impact of state fire safe cigarette policies on fire fatalities, injuries, and incidents. J. Emerg. Manag. 15, 379–389 (2017).
pubmed: 29308599
doi: 10.5055/jem.2017.0346
pmcid: 29308599
Laing, R. M. & Bryant, V. Prevention of burn injuries to children involving nightwear. N. Z. Med. J. 104, 363–365 (1991).
pubmed: 1891136
pmcid: 1891136
Harvey, L. A., Connolley, S. & Harvey, J. G. Clothing-related burns in New South Wales, Australia: impact of legislation on a continuing problem. Burns 41, 58–64 (2015).
pubmed: 25435488
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.10.013
pmcid: 25435488
Erdmann, T. C., Feldman, K. W., Rivara, F. P., Heimbach, D. M. & Wall, H. A. Tap water burn prevention: the effect of legislation. Pediatrics 88, 572–577 (1991).
pubmed: 1881739
pmcid: 1881739
Haddon, W. The changing approach to the epidemiology, prevention, and amelioration of trauma: the transition to approaches etiologically rather than descriptively based. Inj. Prev. 5, 231–235 (1999).
pubmed: 10518273
pmcid: 1730511
doi: 10.1136/ip.5.3.231
Peck, M. D. et al. Burns and injuries from non-electric-appliance fires in low- and middle-income countries. Burns 34, 312–319 (2008).
pubmed: 18206310
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2007.08.009
pmcid: 18206310
Sadeghi-Bazargani, H. et al. Exploring possible causes of fatal burns in 2007 using Haddon’s Matrix: a qualitative study. J. Inj. Violence Res. 7, 1–6 (2015).
pubmed: 24879079
pmcid: 4288289
Kahn, S. A., Patel, J. H., Lentz, C. W. & Bell, D. E. Firefighter burn injuries: predictable patterns influenced by turnout gear. J. Burn Care Res. 33, 152–156 (2012).
pubmed: 21979850
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e318234d8d9
pmcid: 21979850
Burgess, J., Watt, K., Kimble, R. M. & Cameron, C. M. Combining technology and research to prevent scald injuries (the Cool Runnings intervention): randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 20, e10361 (2018).
pubmed: 30305263
pmcid: 6234332
doi: 10.2196/10361
Parbhoo, A., Louw, Q. A. & Grimmer-Somers, K. Burn prevention programs for children in developing countries require urgent attention: a targeted literature review. Burns 36, 164–175 (2010).
pubmed: 19854000
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.06.215
pmcid: 19854000
Jin, R., Wu, P., Ho, J. K., Wang, X. & Han, C. Five-year epidemiology of liquefied petroleum gas-related burns. Burns 44, 210–217 (2018).
pubmed: 28781135
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.05.011
Teven, C. M. & Gottlieb, L. J. The four-quadrant approach to ethical issues in burn care. AMA J. Ethics 20, 595–601 (2018).
pubmed: 29905139
doi: 10.1001/journalofethics.2018.20.6.vwpt1-1806
Mohammad, A., Branicki, F. & Abu-Zidan, F. M. Educational and clinical impact of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) courses: a systematic review. World J. Surg. 38, 322–329 (2013).
doi: 10.1007/s00268-013-2294-0
Breederveld, R. S., Nieuwenhuis, M. K., Tuinebreijer, W. E. & Aardenburg, B. Effect of training in the emergency management of severe burns on the knowledge and performance of emergency care workers as measured by an online simulated burn incident. Burns 37, 281–287 (2011).
pubmed: 21074330
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.08.011
Kearns, R. D. et al. Advanced burn life support for day-to-day burn injury management and disaster preparedness: stakeholder experiences and student perceptions following 56 advance burn life support crimes. J. Burn Care Res. 36, 455–464 (2015).
pubmed: 25167372
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000155
Klein, M. B. et al. Geographic access to burn center hospitals. JAMA 302, 1774–1781 (2009). This examination of geographical distribution of regional burn care highlights the variation in access to verified burn centres by ground and rotary air transport across the USA, with ~80% of the US population being within 2 hours from a verified burn centre, illustrating the potential for limited resources in a disaster.
pubmed: 19861669
pmcid: 3045670
doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1548
Henry, S. ATLS 10th edition offers new insights into managing trauma patients. Bulletin of the American College of Sugeons http://bulletin.facs.org/2018/06/atls-10th-edition-offers-new-insights-into-managing-trauma-patients/ (2018).
Lund, C. & Browder, N. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 79, 352–358 (1944).
Wallace, A. B. The exposure treatment of burns. Lancet 257, 501–504 (1951).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(51)91975-7
ISBI Practice Guidelines Committee. ISBI practice guidelines for burn care. Burns 42, 953–1021 (2016). This major consensus project establishes guidelines for global burn care, including resource-limited environments.
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.05.013
Foster, K. N. & Holmes, J. H. Inhalation injury: state of the science 2016. J. Burn Care Res. 38, 137–141 (2017).
pubmed: 28328666
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000539
Ching, J. A. et al. An analysis of inhalation injury diagnostic methods and patient outcomes. J. Burn Care Res. 37, e27–e32 (2016).
pubmed: 26594867
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000313
Williams, J. F. et al. Comparison of traditional burn wound mapping with a computerized program. J. Burn Care Res. 34, e29–e35 (2013).
pubmed: 23292593
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182676e07
Benjamin, N. C. et al. Accuracy of currently used paper burn diagram vs a three-dimensional computerized model. J. Burn Care Res. 38, e254–e260 (2017).
pubmed: 27294858
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000363
Burke-Smith, A., Collier, J. & Jones, I. A comparison of non-invasive imaging modalities: infrared thermography, spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis and laser Doppler imaging for the assessment of adult burns. Burns 41, 1695–1707 (2015).
pubmed: 26421694
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.06.023
Wearn, C. et al. Prospective comparative evaluation study of laser Doppler imaging and thermal imaging in the assessment of burn depth. Burns 44, 124–133 (2018).
pubmed: 29032974
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.08.004
Sen, C. K., Ghatak, S., Gnyawali, S. C., Roy, S. & Gordillo, G. M. Cutaneous imaging technologies in acute burn and chronic wound care. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 138, 119S–128S (2016).
pubmed: 27556752
pmcid: 5207795
doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000002654
Ganapathy, P. et al. Dual-imaging system for burn depth diagnosis. Burns 40, 67–81 (2014).
pubmed: 23790396
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.05.004
Burmeister, D. M. et al. Noninvasive techniques for the determination of burn severity in real time. J. Burn Care Res. 38, e180–e191 (2017).
pubmed: 27355653
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000338
Greenhalgh, D. G. Burn resuscitation: the results of the ISBI/ABA survey. Burns 36, 176–182 (2010).
pubmed: 20018451
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.09.004
Chung, K. K. et al. Simple derivation of the initial fluid rate for the resuscitation of severely burned adult combat casualties: in silico validation of the rule of 10. J. Trauma 69, S49–S54 (2010).
pubmed: 20622619
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e425f1
Mosier, M. J. et al. Early acute kidney injury predicts progressive renal dysfunction and higher mortality in severely burned adults. J. Burn Care Res. 31, 83–92 (2010).
pubmed: 20061841
pmcid: 3045668
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181cb8c87
Kumar, A. B. et al. Fluid resuscitation mediates the association between inhalational burn injury and acute kidney injury in the major burn population. J. Crit. Care 38, 62–67 (2017).
pubmed: 27863270
doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.008
Sine, C. R. et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in burn patients. J. Burn Care Res. 37, e461–e469 (2016).
pubmed: 27070223
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000348
Cochran, A. Inhalation injury and endotracheal intubation. J. Burn Care Res. 30, 190–191 (2009).
pubmed: 19060751
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181923eb4
Amtmann, D. et al. Satisfaction with life over time in people with burn injury: a National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research burn model system study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 101, S63–S70 (2020).
pubmed: 29050789
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.09.119
Wiechman, S. A. et al. Reasons for distress among burn survivors at 6, 12, and 24 months postdischarge: a burn injury model system investigation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 99, 1311–1317 (2018).
pubmed: 29258837
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.11.007
Mason, S. A. et al. Association between burn injury and mental illness among burn survivors: a population-based, self-matched, longitudinal cohort study. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 225, 516–524 (2017).
pubmed: 28774550
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.06.004
Davé, D. R., Nagarjan, N., Canner, J. K., Kushner, A. L. & Stewart, B. T. Rethinking burns for low & middle-income countries: differing patterns of burn epidemiology, care seeking behavior, and outcomes across four countries. Burns 44, 1228–1234 (2018).
pubmed: 29475744
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.01.015
Young, A. W. et al. Guideline for burn care under austere conditions. J. Burn Care Res. 38, e497–e509 (2017).
pubmed: 27355657
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000369
Jeng, J., Gibran, N. & Peck, M. Burn care in disaster and other austere settings. Surg. Clin. North. Am. 94, 893–907 (2014).
pubmed: 25085095
doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2014.05.011
American College of Surgeons. Advanced Trauma Life Support. facs.org https://www.facs.org/quality%20programs/trauma/atls (2019).
American Burn Association. Burn Center Referral Criteria. ameriburn.org http://ameriburn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/burncenterreferralcriteria.pdf (2006).
Roberts, G. et al. The Baux score is dead. Long live the Baux score: a 27-year retrospective cohort study of mortality at a regional burns service. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 72, 251–256 (2012).
pubmed: 22310134
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31824052bb
Klein, M. B. et al. Benchmarking outcomes in the critically injured burn patient. Ann. Surg. 259, 833–841 (2014). This paper establishes benchmarks as goals for burn outcomes based on >500 patients treated using standard operating procedures and prospectively documented in a centralized database.
pubmed: 24722222
pmcid: 4283803
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000438
Romanowski, K. et al. The frailty tipping point: determining which patients are targets for intervention in a burn population. Burns 45, 1051–1056 (2019).
pubmed: 31079960
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.11.003
Rehou, S., Shahrokhi, S., Thai, J., Stanojcic, M. & Jeschke, M. G. Acute phase response in critically ill elderly burn patients. Crit. Care Med. 47, 201–209 (2019).
pubmed: 30371519
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003516
Grigorian, A. et al. 23 burns in octogenarians: 80 is the new 60. J. Burn Care Res. 40, S19 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irz013.027
Lawrence, A. et al. Colloid administration normalizes resuscitation ratio and ameliorates “fluid creep”. J. Burn Care Res. 31, 40–47 (2010).
pubmed: 20061836
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181cb8c72
Ivy, M. E. et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in burn patients. J. Trauma 49, 387–391 (2000).
pubmed: 11003313
doi: 10.1097/00005373-200009000-00001
O’Mara, M. S., Slater, H., Goldfarb, I. W. & Caushaj, P. F. A prospective, randomized evaluation of intra-abdominal pressures with crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in burn patients. J. Trauma 58, 1011–1018 (2005).
pubmed: 15920417
doi: 10.1097/01.TA.0000162732.39083.15
Torres, L. N., Chung, K. K., Salgado, C. L., Dubick, M. A. & Torres Filho, I. P. Low-volume resuscitation with normal saline is associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction after hemorrhage in rats, compared to colloids and balanced crystalloids. Crit. Care 21, 160 (2017).
pubmed: 28659186
pmcid: 5490091
doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1745-7
MacLennan, S. & Williamson, L. M. Risks of fresh frozen plasma and platelets. J. Trauma 60, S46–S50 (2006).
pubmed: 16763481
Rizzo, J. A., Rowan, M. P., Driscoll, I. R., Chung, K. K. & Friedman, B. C. Vitamin C in burn resuscitation. Crit. Care Clin. 32, 539–546 (2016).
pubmed: 27600125
doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.06.003
Dubick, M. A., Williams, C., Elgjo, G. I. & Kramer, G. C. High-dose vitamin C infusion reduces fluid requirements in the resuscitation of burn-injured sheep. Shock 24, 139–144 (2005).
pubmed: 16044084
pmcid: 16044084
doi: 10.1097/01.shk.0000170355.26060.e6
Tanaka, H. et al. Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: a randomized, prospective study. Arch. Surg. 135, 326–331 (2000).
pubmed: 10722036
doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.3.326
Fowler, A. A. et al. Effect of vitamin C infusion on organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory failure: the CITRIS-ALI randomized clinical trial. JAMA 322, 1261–1270 (2019).
pubmed: 31573637
doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.11825
Kahn, S. A., Beers, R. J. & Lentz, C. W. Resuscitation after severe burn injury using high-dose ascorbic acid: a retrospective review. J. Burn Care Res. 32, 110–117 (2011).
pubmed: 21131846
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e318204b336
Buehner, M. et al. Oxalate nephropathy after continuous infusion of high-dose vitamin C as an adjunct to burn resuscitation. J. Burn Care Res. 37, e374–e379 (2016).
pubmed: 25812044
pmcid: 4933579
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000233
Sartor, Z., Kesey, J. & Dissanaike, S. The effects of intravenous vitamin C on point-of-care glucose monitoring. J. Burn Care Res. 36, 50–56 (2015).
pubmed: 25127026
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000142
Neff, L. P., Allman, J. M. & Holmes, J. H. The use of theraputic plasma exchange (TPE) in the setting of refractory burn shock. Burns 36, 372–378 (2010).
pubmed: 19540673
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.05.006
Klein, M. B. et al. The beneficial effects of plasma exchange after severe burn injury. J. Burn Care Res. 30, 243–248 (2009).
pubmed: 19165108
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e318198a30d
Heering, P. et al. Cytokine removal and cardiovascular hemodynamics in septic patients with continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Intensive Care Med. 23, 288–296 (1997).
pubmed: 9083231
doi: 10.1007/s001340050330
Payen, D. et al. Impact of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on organ failure during the early phase of severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Crit. Care Med. 37, 803–810 (2009).
pubmed: 19237881
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181962316
Chung, K. K. et al. High-volume hemofiltration in adult burn patients with septic shock and acute kidney injury: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Crit. Care 21, 289 (2017).
pubmed: 29178943
pmcid: 5702112
doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1878-8
You, B. et al. Early application of continuous high-volume haemofiltration can reduce sepsis and improve the prognosis of patients with severe burns. Crit. Care 22, 173 (2018).
pubmed: 29980222
pmcid: 6035411
doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2095-9
Pruitt, B. A. Jr, O’Neill, J. A. Jr, Moncrief, J. A. & Lindberg, R. B. Successful control of burn-wound sepsis. JAMA 203, 1054–1056 (1968).
pubmed: 5694367
doi: 10.1001/jama.1968.03140120052012
Burke, J. F., Bondoc, C. C. & Quinby, W. C. Primary burn excision and immediate grafting: a method shortening illness. J. Trauma 14, 389–395 (1974).
pubmed: 4596096
doi: 10.1097/00005373-197405000-00005
pmcid: 4596096
Desai, M. H. et al. Early burn wound excision significantly reduces blood loss. Ann. Surg. 211, 753–762 (1990).
pubmed: 2357138
pmcid: 1358131
doi: 10.1097/00000658-199006000-00015
Herndon, D. N. et al. A comparison of conservative versus early excision. Therapies in severely burned patients. Ann. Surg. 209, 547–553 (1989).
pubmed: 2650643
pmcid: 1494069
doi: 10.1097/00000658-198905000-00006
Hermans, M. H. E. Results of an internet survey on the treatment of partial thickness burns, full thickness burns, and donor sites. J. Burn Care Res. 28, 835–847 (2007).
pubmed: 17925651
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181599b88
Carta, T. et al. Properties of an ideal burn dressing: a survey of burn survivors and front-line burn healthcare providers. Burns 45, 364–368 (2019).
pubmed: 30327234
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.09.021
pmcid: 30327234
Horch, R., Stark, G. B., Kopp, J. & Spilker, G. Cologne Burn Centre experiences with glycerol-preserved allogeneic skin: part I: clinical experiences and histological findings (overgraft and sandwich technique). Burns 20, S23–S26 (1994).
pubmed: 8198737
doi: 10.1016/0305-4179(94)90084-1
pmcid: 8198737
Ren, J. et al. The use of noncultured regenerative epithelial suspension for improving skin color and scars: a report of 8 cases and review of the literature. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 18, 1487–1494 (2019).
doi: 10.1111/jocd.13071
Merchant, N. et al. Management of adult patients with buttock and perineal burns: the Ross Tilley Burn Centre experience. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 77, 640–648 (2014).
pubmed: 25250608
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000405
Murphy, P. S. & Evans, G. R. D. Advances in wound healing: a review of current wound healing products. Plast. Surg. Int. 2012, 190436 (2012).
pubmed: 22567251
pmcid: 3335515
Chocarro-Wrona, C., López-Ruiz, E., Perán, M., Gálvez-Martín, P. & Marchal, J. A. Therapeutic strategies for skin regeneration based on biomedical substitutes. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 33, 484–496 (2019).
pubmed: 30520159
doi: 10.1111/jdv.15391
Xue, M., Zhao, R., Lin, H. & Jackson, C. Delivery systems of current biologicals for the treatment of chronic cutaneous wounds and severe burns. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 129, 219–241 (2018).
pubmed: 29567398
doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.002
Chouhan, D., Dey, N., Bhardwaj, N. & Mandal, B. B. Emerging and innovative approaches for wound healing and skin regeneration: current status and advances. Biomaterials 216, 119267 (2019).
pubmed: 31247480
doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119267
Nicholas, M. N., Jeschke, M. G. & Amini-Nik, S. Methodologies in creating skin substitutes. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 3453–3472 (2016).
pubmed: 27154041
pmcid: 4982839
doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2252-8
Sheikholeslam, M., Wright, M. E. E., Jeschke, M. G. & Amini-Nik, S. Biomaterials for skin substitutes. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 7, 1700897 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/adhm.201700897
PolarityTE. SkinTE for providers. polarityte.com https://www.polarityte.com/products/skinTE-providers (2020).
Shevchenko, R. V., James, S. L. & James, S. E. A review of tissue-engineered skin bioconstructs available for skin reconstruction. J. R. Soc. Interface 7, 229–258 (2010).
pubmed: 19864266
doi: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0403
Davison-Kotler, E., Sharma, V., Kang, N. V. & Garcia-Gareta E. A universal classification system of skin substitutes inspired by factorial design. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 24, 279–288 (2018).
pubmed: 29336231
doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0477
Nicholas, M. N. & Yeung, J. Current status and future of skin substitutes for chronic wound healing. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 21, 23–30 (2017).
pubmed: 27530398
doi: 10.1177/1203475416664037
Halim, A. S., Khoo, T. L. & Yussof, S. J. M. Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: an overview. Indian. J. Plast. Surg. 43, S23–S28 (2010).
pubmed: 21321652
pmcid: 3038402
doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.70712
Mohan, R., Bajaj, A. & Gundappa, M. Human amnion membrane: potential applications in oral and periodontal field. J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent. 7, 15–21 (2017).
pubmed: 28316944
pmcid: 5343678
doi: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_359_16
van Zuijlen, P. P. M. et al. Tissue engineering in burn scar reconstruction. Burns Trauma 3, 18 (2015).
pubmed: 27574664
pmcid: 4964040
Haddad, A. G., Giatsidis, G., Orgill, D. P. & Halvorson, E. G. Skin substitutes and bioscaffolds. Clin. Plast. Surg. 44, 627–634 (2017).
pubmed: 28576252
doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2017.02.019
pmcid: 28576252
Fang, T., Lineaweaver, W. C., Sailes, F. C., Kisner, C. & Zhang, F. Clinical application of cultured epithelial autografts on acellular dermal matrices in the treatment of extended burn injuries. Ann. Plast. Surg. 73, 509–515 (2014).
pubmed: 24322642
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182840883
pmcid: 24322642
Gauglitz, G. G., Korting, H. C., Pavicic, T., Ruzicka, T. & Jeschke, M. G. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol. Med. 17, 113–125 (2011).
pubmed: 20927486
doi: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00153
pmcid: 20927486
Finnerty, C. C. et al. Hypertrophic scarring: the greatest unmet challenge after burn injury. Lancet 388, 1427–1436 (2016).
pubmed: 27707499
pmcid: 5380137
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31406-4
Vincent, A. S. et al. Human skin keloid fibroblasts display bioenergetics of cancer cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 702–709 (2008).
pubmed: 17943178
doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701107
Tsai, C.-H. & Ogawa, R. Keloid research: current status and future directions. Scars Burn. Heal. 5, 2059513119868659 (2019).
pubmed: 31452957
pmcid: 6700880
Nitzschke, S. L. et al. Wound healing trajectories in burn patients and their impact on mortality. J. Burn Care Res. 35, 474–479 (2014).
pubmed: 25144807
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000039
Lester, M. E., Hazelton, J., Dewey, W. S., Casey, J. C. & Richard, R. Influence of upper extremity positioning on pain, paresthesia, and tolerance. J. Burn Care Res. 34, e342–e350 (2013).
pubmed: 23702855
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182788f52
Nedelec, B., Serghiou, M. A., Niszczak, J., McMahon, M. & Healey, T. Practice guidelines for early ambulation of burn survivors after lower extremity grafts. J. Burn Care Res. 33, 319–329 (2012).
pubmed: 21959211
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e31823359d9
pmcid: 21959211
Richard, R. & Santos-Lozada, A. R. Burn patient acuity demographics, scar contractures, and rehabilitation treatment time related to patient outcomes. J. Burn Care Res. 38, 230–242 (2017).
pubmed: 28644206
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000490
pmcid: 28644206
Wiechman, S. A. & Patterson, D. R. ABC of burns. Psychosocial aspects of burn injuries. BMJ 329, 391–393 (2004).
pubmed: 15310609
pmcid: 509350
doi: 10.1136/bmj.329.7462.391
Ravenek, M. J., Skarakis-Doyle, E., Spaulding, S. J., Jenkins, M. E. & Doyle, P. C. Enhancing the conceptual clarity and utility of the international classification of functioning, disability & health: the potential of a new graphic representation. Disabil. Rehabil. 35, 1015–1025 (2013).
pubmed: 23072218
doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.717582
pmcid: 23072218
Miller, T. et al. Quality-of-life loss of people admitted to burn centers, United States. Qual. Life Res. 22, 2293–2305 (2013).
pubmed: 23224665
doi: 10.1007/s11136-012-0321-5
pmcid: 23224665
Öster, C., Willebrand, M., Dyster-Aas, J., Kildal, M. & Ekselius, L. Validation of the EQ-5D questionnaire in burn injured adults. Burns 35, 723–732 (2009).
pubmed: 19297100
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.11.007
pmcid: 19297100
Kildal, M., Andersson, G., Fugl-Meyer, A. R., Lannerstam, K. & Gerdin, B. Development of a brief version of the Burn Specific Health Scale (BSHS-B). J. Trauma 51, 740–746 (2001).
pubmed: 11586169
doi: 10.1097/00005373-200110000-00020
pmcid: 11586169
Spronk, I. et al. Health related quality of life in adults after burn injuries: a systematic review. PLoS One 13, e0197507 (2018).
pubmed: 29795616
pmcid: 5967732
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197507
Griffiths, C. et al. A systematic review of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) used in child and adolescent burn research. Burns 41, 212–224 (2015).
pubmed: 25300756
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.07.018
pmcid: 25300756
Griffiths, C. et al. A systematic review of patient-reported outcome measures used in adult burn research. J. Burn Care Res. 38, e521–e545 (2017).
pubmed: 27893571
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000474
pmcid: 27893571
Tyack, Z. et al. Measuring the impact of burn scarring on health-related quality of life: development and preliminary content validation of the Brisbane Burn Scar Impact Profile (BBSIP) for children and adults. Burns 41, 1405–1419 (2015).
pubmed: 26421693
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.05.021
pmcid: 26421693
Kool, M. B., Geenen, R., Egberts, M. R., Wanders, H. & Van Loey, N. E. Patients’ perspectives on quality of life after burn. Burns 43, 747–756 (2017).
pubmed: 28069345
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.11.016
Meirte, J. et al. Classification of quality of life subscales within the ICF framework in burn research: identifying overlaps and gaps. Burns 40, 1353–1359 (2014).
pubmed: 24685352
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.01.015
Meirte, J. et al. Convergent and discriminant validity of quality of life measures used in burn populations. Burns 43, 84–92 (2017).
pubmed: 27576927
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.07.001
Edgar, D., Dawson, A., Hankey, G., Phillips, M. & Wood, F. Demonstration of the validity of the SF-36 for measurement of the temporal recovery of quality of life outcomes in burns survivors. Burns 36, 1013–1020 (2010).
pubmed: 20395052
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.03.001
Tyack, Z., Kimble, R., McPhail, S., Plaza, A. & Simons, M. Psychometric properties of the Brisbane Burn Scar Impact Profile in adults with burn scars. PLoS One 12, e0184452 (2017).
pubmed: 28902874
pmcid: 5597202
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184452
Griffiths, C. et al. The development and validation of the CARe burn scale—adult form: a Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) to assess quality of life for adults living with a burn injury. J. Burn Care Res. 40, 312–326 (2019).
pubmed: 30820556
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irz021
Kazis, L. E. et al. Development of the life impact burn recovery evaluation (LIBRE) profile: assessing burn survivors’ social participation. Qual. Life Res. 26, 2851–2866 (2017).
pubmed: 28493205
doi: 10.1007/s11136-017-1588-3
McMahon, H. A., Ndem, I., Gampper, L., Gampper, T. J. & DeGeorge, B. R. Quantifying burn injury-related disability and quality of life in the developing world: a primer for patient-centered resource allocation. Ann. Plast. Surg. 82, S433–S436 (2019).
pubmed: 30557188
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001678
Kazis, L. E. et al. Methods for assessment of health outcomes in children with burn injury: the multi-center benchmarking study. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 73, S179–S188 (2012).
pubmed: 22929545
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318265c552
Ryan, C. M. et al. Benchmarks for multidimensional recovery after burn injury in young adults: the development, validation, and testing of the American Burn Association/Shriners Hospitals for Children young adult burn outcome questionnaire. J. Burn Care Res. 34, e121–e142 (2013).
pubmed: 23511284
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e31827e7ecf
Kazis, L. E. et al. Recovery curves for pediatric burn survivors: advances in patient-oriented outcomes. JAMA Pediatr. 170, 534 (2016). This paper shows considerable deficits in paediatric burn survivors and provides recovery curves based on the Burn Outcomes Questionnaire, which can be used as benchmark for the expected recovery after burn injury in children.
pubmed: 26953515
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4722
Spronk, I. et al. Recovery of health-related quality of life after burn injuries: an individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS One 15, e0226653 (2020). This paper shows the long-term outcomes in adult burn survivors and presents recovery curves based on SF-36 and EQ-5D data, which can be used in clinical practice to inform patients and professionals on expected HRQOL outcomes after burn injuries in adults.
pubmed: 31923272
pmcid: 6953837
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226653
Wasiak, J. et al. Female patients display poorer burn-specific quality of life 12 months after a burn injury. Injury 48, 87–93 (2017).
pubmed: 27476885
doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.07.032
Chin, T. L. et al. Trends 10 years after burn injury: a burn model system national database study. Burns 44, 1882–1886 (2018).
pubmed: 30385060
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.09.033
Levi, B. et al. The associations of gender with social participation of burn survivors: a life impact burn recovery evaluation profile study. J. Burn Care Res. 39, 915–922 (2018).
pubmed: 29733365
pmcid: 6198731
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iry007
Spronk, I. et al. Predictors of health-related quality of life after burn injuries: a systematic review. Crit. Care 22, 160 (2018).
pubmed: 29898757
pmcid: 6000969
doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2071-4
Spronk, I. et al. Health related quality of life 5–7 years after minor and severe burn injuries: a multicentre cross-sectional study. Burns 45, 1291–1299 (2019).
pubmed: 31174971
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.03.017
Öster, C., Willebrand, M. & Ekselius, L. Health-related quality of life 2 years to 7 years after burn injury. J. Trauma 71, 1435–1441 (2011).
pubmed: 21399545
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318208fc74
Needham, D. M. et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders’ conference. Crit. Care Med. 40, 502–509 (2012).
pubmed: 21946660
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232da75
Deeter, L. et al. Hospital-acquired complications alter quality of life in adult burn survivors: report from a burn model system. Burns 45, 42–47 (2019).
pubmed: 30477817
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.10.010
Yoder, L. H., McFall, D. C. & Glaser, D. N. Quality of life of burn survivors treated in the military burn center. Nurs. Outlook 65, S81–S89 (2017).
pubmed: 28865914
doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.07.005
Al Ghriwati, N. et al. Two-year gender differences in satisfaction with appearance after burn injury and prediction of five-year depression: a latent growth curve approach. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 98, 2274–2279 (2017).
pubmed: 28483656
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.04.011
Sinha, I. et al. Head and neck burns are associated with long-term patient-reported dissatisfaction with appearance: a burn model system national database study. Burns 45, 293–302 (2019).
pubmed: 30732865
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.12.017
Gerrard, P. et al. Validation of the community integration questionnaire in the adult burn injury population. Qual. Life Res. 24, 2651–2655 (2015).
pubmed: 25986908
doi: 10.1007/s11136-015-0997-4
Ryan, C. M., Cartwright, S., Schneider, J. C., Tompkins, R. G. & Kazis, L. E. The burn outcome questionnaires: patient and family reported outcome metrics for children of all ages. Burns 42, 1144–1145 (2016).
pubmed: 26803370
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.10.033
World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). https://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/ (WHO, 2018).
Osborne, C. L. et al. The multicenter benchmarking study of burn injury: a content analysis of the outcome measures using the international classification of functioning, disability and health. Burns 42, 1396–1403 (2016).
pubmed: 27524436
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.07.023
Spronk, I., Legemate, C. M., Polinder, S. & van Baar, M. E. Health-related quality of life in children after burn injuries. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 85, 1110–1118 (2018).
pubmed: 30256329
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002072
Pan, R. et al. Health-related quality of life in adolescent survivors of burns: agreement on self-reported and mothers’ and fathers’ perspectives. Burns 41, 1107–1113 (2015).
pubmed: 25591949
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.12.011
Meyer, W. J. et al. Adolescent survivors of burn injuries and their parents’ perceptions of recovery outcomes: do they agree or disagree? J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 73, S213–S220 (2012).
pubmed: 22929549
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318265c843
Mason, S. T. et al. Return to work after burn injury: a systematic review. J. Burn Care Res. 33, 101–109 (2012).
pubmed: 22138806
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182374439
Quinn, T., Wasiak, J. & Cleland, H. An examination of factors that affect return to work following burns: a systematic review of the literature. Burns 36, 1021–1026 (2010).
pubmed: 20395053
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.10.001
Goei, H. et al. Return to work after specialised burn care: a two-year prospective follow-up study of the prevalence, predictors and related costs. Injury 47, 1975–1982 (2016).
pubmed: 27085837
doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.03.031
Christiansen, M. et al. Time to school re-entry after burn injury is quite short. J. Burn Care Res. 28, 478–481 (2007).
pubmed: 17438508
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0B013E318053d2EA
Pan, R. et al. School reintegration of pediatric burn survivors: an integrative literature review. Burns 44, 494–511 (2018).
pubmed: 28624354
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.05.005
Mason, S. A. et al. Burn center care reduces acute health care utilization after discharge: a population-based analysis of 1,895 survivors of major burn injury. Surgery 162, 891–900 (2017).
pubmed: 28712732
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.05.018
Duke, J. M. et al. Increased admissions for musculoskeletal diseases after burns sustained during childhood and adolescence. Burns 41, 1674–1682 (2015).
pubmed: 26382827
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.08.028
Randall, S. M. et al. Long-term musculoskeletal morbidity after adult burn injury: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 5, e009395 (2015).
pubmed: 26362668
pmcid: 4567662
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009395
Polychronopoulou, E., Herndon, D. N. & Porter, C. The long-term impact of severe burn trauma on musculoskeletal health. J. Burn Care Res. 39, 869–880 (2018).
pubmed: 30010999
pmcid: 6198740
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iry035
Duke, J. M. et al. Diabetes mellitus after injury in burn and non-burned patients: a population based retrospective cohort study. Burns 44, 566–572 (2018).
pubmed: 29306596
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.10.019
Duke, J. M., Rea, S., Boyd, J. H., Randall, S. M. & Wood, F. M. Mortality after burn injury in children: a 33-year population-based study. Pediatrics 135, e903–e910 (2015).
pubmed: 25802351
doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3140
Parvizi, D. et al. BurnCase 3D software validation study: burn size measurement accuracy and inter-rater reliability. Burns 42, 329–335 (2016).
pubmed: 26839051
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.01.008
Yan, J. et al. Sepsis criteria versus clinical diagnosis of sepsis in burn patients: a validation of current sepsis scores. Surgery 164, 1241–1245 (2018).
pubmed: 30049483
pmcid: 6311995
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.05.053
Chen, P., Stanojcic, M. & Jeschke, M. G. Septic predictor index: a novel platform to identify thermally injured patients susceptible to sepsis. Surgery 163, 409–414 (2018).
pubmed: 29129362
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.08.010
Finnerty, C. C. et al. Proteomics improves the prediction of burns mortality: results from regression spline modeling. Clin. Transl. Sci. 5, 243–249 (2012).
pubmed: 22686201
pmcid: 3375614
doi: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2012.00412.x
Mason, S. A. et al. Hold the pendulum: rates of acute kidney injury are increased in patients who receive resuscitation volumes less than predicted by the Parkland equation. Ann. Surg. 264, 1142–1147 (2016).
pubmed: 27828823
pmcid: 5111808
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001615
Cancio, L. C., Salinas, J. & Kramer, G. C. Protocolized resuscitation of burn patients. Crit. Care Clin. 32, 599–610 (2016).
pubmed: 27600131
doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.06.008
Serio-Melvin, M. L. et al. Burn shock and resuscitation. J. Burn Care Res. 38, e423–e431 (2017).
pubmed: 28009701
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000417
Jeschke, M. G., Finnerty, C. C., Shahrokhi, S., Branski, L. K. & Dibildox, M. Wound coverage technologies in burn care. J. Burn Care Res. 34, 612–620 (2013).
pubmed: 23877140
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e31829b0075
Jeschke, M. G. et al. Wound coverage technologies in burn care: established techniques. J. Burn Care Res. 39, 313–318 (2018).
pubmed: 24165670
pmcid: 3883987
Amini-Nik, S. et al. Stem cells derived from burned skin - the future of burn care. EBioMedicine 37, 509–520 (2018).
pubmed: 30409728
pmcid: 6284415
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.014
Hakimi, N. et al. Handheld skin printer: in situ formation of planar biomaterials and tissues. Lab Chip 18, 1440–1451 (2018).
pubmed: 29662977
pmcid: 5965293
doi: 10.1039/C7LC01236E
Brannen, A. L. et al. A randomized prospective trial of hyperbaric oxygen in a referral burn center population. Am. Surg. 63, 205–208 (1997).
pubmed: 9036884
de Durante, G. et al. ARDSNet lower tidal volume ventilatory strategy may generate intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165, 1271–1274 (2002).
pubmed: 11991877
doi: 10.1164/rccm.2105050
Kearns, R. D. et al. Guidelines for burn care under austere conditions: introduction to burn disaster, airway and ventilator management, and fluid resuscitation. J. Burn Care Res. 37, e427–e439 (2016).
pubmed: 27224004
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000304
Cancio, L. C. et al. Guidelines for burn care under austere conditions: surgical and nonsurgical wound management. J. Burn Care Res. 38, 203–214 (2017).
pubmed: 27355660
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000368
Wetta-Hall, R., Jost, J. C., Jost, G., Praheswari, Y. & Berg-Copas, G. M. Preparing for burn disasters: evaluation of a continuing education training course for pre-hospital and hospital professionals in Kansas. J. Burn Care Res. 28, 97–104 (2007).
pubmed: 17211207
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0B013E31802Cb815
Spiwak, R., Lett, R., Rwanyuma, L. & Logsetty, S. Examining perception and actual knowledge change among learners in a standardized burn course. Plast. Surg. 23, 221–224 (2015).
doi: 10.1177/229255031502300404
Spiwak, R., Lett, R., Rwanyuma, L. & Logsetty, S. Creation of a standardized burn course for low income countries: meeting local needs. Burns 40, 1292–1299 (2014).
pubmed: 24685348
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.01.007
Interburns. Improving Quality in Burn Care. interburns.org https://interburns.org/training/ (2019).
Peck, M., Jeng, J. & Moghazy, A. Burn resuscitation in the austere environment. Crit. Care Clin. 32, 561–565 (2016).
pubmed: 27600127
doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.06.010
Burmeister, D. M. et al. Operational advantages of enteral resuscitation following burn injury in resource-poor environments: palatability of commercially available solutions. J. Spec. Oper. Med. 19, 76–81 (2019).
pubmed: 31539437
Gómez, B. I. et al. Enteral resuscitation with oral rehydration solution to reduce acute kidney injury in burn victims: evidence from a porcine model. PLoS One 13, e0195615 (2018).
pubmed: 29718928
pmcid: 5931460
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195615
Georgiadis, J., Nascimento, V. B., Donat, C., Okereke, I. & Shoja, M. M. Dakin’s solution: “One of the most important and far-reaching contributions to the armamentarium of the surgeons”. Burns 45, 1509–1517 (2019).
pubmed: 30591251
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.12.001
Hirsch, T. et al. Antimicrobial activity of clinically used antiseptics and wound irrigating agents in combination with wound dressings. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 127, 1539–1545 (2011).
pubmed: 21187812
doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318208d00f
US Fire Administration. Choosing and using fire extinguishers. usfa.fema.gov https://www.usfa.fema.gov/prevention/outreach/extinguishers.html (2017).
Szczesny, B. et al. Time-dependent and organ-specific changes in mitochondrial function, mitochondrial DNA integrity, oxidative stress and mononuclear cell infiltration in a mouse model of burn injury. PLoS One 10, e0143730 (2015).
pubmed: 26630679
pmcid: 4668069
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143730
Choudhry, M. A., Gamelli, R. L. & Chaudry, I. H. in Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2004 (ed. Vincent, J.-L.) 16–26 (Springer, 2004).
Rae, L. et al. Differences in resuscitation in morbidly obese burn patients may contribute to high mortality. J. Burn Care Res. 34, 507–514 (2013).
pubmed: 23966116
pmcid: 3800202
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182a2a771
Rossiter, N. D., Chapman, P. & Haywood, I. A. How big is a hand? Burns 22, 230–231 (1996).
pubmed: 8726264
doi: 10.1016/0305-4179(95)00118-2
Jean, J. Bioengineered skin: the self-assembly approach. J. Tissue Sci. Eng. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7552.S5-001 (2013).
doi: 10.4172/2157-7552.S5-001
Nathoo, R., Howe, N. & Cohen, G. Skin substitutes: an overview of the key players in wound management. J. Clin. Aesthetic Dermatol. 7, 44–48 (2014).
Sheridan, R. Closure of the excised burn wound: autografts, semipermanent skin substitutes, and permanent skin substitutes. Clin. Plast. Surg. 36, 643–651 (2009).
pubmed: 19793558
doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2009.05.010
Takami, Y., Yamaguchi, R., Ono, S. & Hyakusoku, H. Clinical application and histological properties of autologous tissue-engineered skin equivalents using an acellular dermal matrix. J. Nippon. Med. Sch. 81, 356–363 (2014).
pubmed: 25744478
doi: 10.1272/jnms.81.356
Holmes IV, J. H. et al. A comparative study of the ReCell® device and autologous split-thickness meshed skin graft in the treatment of acute burn injuries. J. Burn Care Res. 39, 694–702 (2018).
pubmed: 29800234
pmcid: 6097595
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iry029
Gravante, G. et al. A randomized trial comparing ReCell system of epidermal cells delivery versus classic skin grafts for the treatment of deep partial thickness burns. Burns 33, 966–972 (2007).
pubmed: 17904748
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2007.04.011
Moustafa, M. et al. Randomized, controlled, single-blind study on use of autologous keratinocytes on a transfer dressing to treat nonhealing diabetic ulcers. Regen. Med. 2, 887–902 (2007).
pubmed: 18034628
doi: 10.2217/17460751.2.6.887
Hernon, C. A. et al. Clinical experience using cultured epithelial autografts leads to an alternative methodology for transferring skin cells from the laboratory to the patient. Regen. Med. 1, 809–821 (2006).
pubmed: 17465762
doi: 10.2217/17460751.1.6.809
Gerlach, J. C. et al. Autologous skin cell spray-transplantation for a deep dermal burn patient in an ambulant treatment room setting. Burns 37, e19–e23 (2011).
pubmed: 21334816
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.01.022
Lee, H. Outcomes of sprayed cultured epithelial autografts for full-thickness wounds: a single-centre experience. Burns 38, 931–936 (2012).
pubmed: 22688194
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.01.014
pmcid: 22688194
Romanelli, M., Dini, V., Bertone, M., Barbanera, S. & Brilli, C. OASIS wound matrix versus Hyaloskin in the treatment of difficult-to-heal wounds of mixed arterial/venous aetiology. Int. Wound J. 4, 3–7 (2007).
pubmed: 17425543
doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00300.x
Hodde, J. P., Ernst, D. M. J. & Hiles, M. C. An investigation of the long-term bioactivity of endogenous growth factor in OASIS Wound Matrix. J. Wound Care 14, 23–25 (2005).
pubmed: 15656461
doi: 10.12968/jowc.2005.14.1.26721
Philandrianos, C. et al. Comparison of five dermal substitutes in full-thickness skin wound healing in a porcine model. Burns 38, 820–829 (2012).
pubmed: 22652473
doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.02.008
pmcid: 22652473
Kogan, S., Halsey, J. & Agag, R. L. Biologics in acute burn injury. Ann. Plast. Surg. 83, 26–33 (2019).
pubmed: 31194708
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001915
pmcid: 31194708
Kim, J. S., Kaminsky, A. J., Summitt, J. B. & Thayer, W. P. New innovations for deep partial-thickness burn treatment with ACell Matristem Matrix. Adv. Wound Care 5, 546–552 (2016).
doi: 10.1089/wound.2015.0681
Yannas, I. V. & Burke, J. F. Design of an artificial skin. I. Basic design principles. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 14, 65–81 (1980).
pubmed: 6987234
doi: 10.1002/jbm.820140108
Hicks, K. E., Huynh, M. N., Jeschke, M. & Malic, C. Dermal regenerative matrix use in burn patients: a systematic review. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg. 72, 1741–1751 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.07.021
Wainwright, D. J. Use of an acellular allograft dermal matrix (AlloDerm) in the management of full-thickness burns. Burns 21, 243–248 (1995).
pubmed: 7662122
doi: 10.1016/0305-4179(95)93866-I
pmcid: 7662122
Debels, H., Hamdi, M., Abberton, K. & Morrison, W. Dermal matrices and bioengineered skin substitutes: a critical review of current options. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open 3, e284 (2015).
pubmed: 25674365
pmcid: 4323388
doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000000219
Boa, O. et al. Prospective study on the treatment of lower-extremity chronic venous and mixed ulcers using tissue-engineered skin substitute made by the self-assembly approach. Adv. Skin. Wound Care 26, 400–409 (2013).
pubmed: 23958872
doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000433102.48268.2a
Zelen, C. M. et al. A prospective, randomised, controlled, multi-centre comparative effectiveness study of healing using dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft, bioengineered skin substitute or standard of care for treatment of chronic lower extremity diabetic ulcers. Int. Wound J. 12, 724–732 (2015).
pubmed: 25424146
doi: 10.1111/iwj.12395
Boyce, S. T. et al. Cultured skin substitutes reduce donor skin harvesting for closure of excised, full-thickness burns. Ann. Surg. 235, 269–279 (2002).
pubmed: 11807368
pmcid: 1422424
doi: 10.1097/00000658-200202000-00016