The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study.

Bangladesh / epidemiology Child China / epidemiology Drowning / mortality Female Global Burden of Disease Global Health Humans India / epidemiology Male Quality-Adjusted Life Years
burden of disease drowning global

Journal

Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
ISSN: 1475-5785
Titre abrégé: Inj Prev
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9510056

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
10 2020
Historique:
received: 19 09 2019
revised: 04 12 2019
accepted: 06 12 2019
pubmed: 23 2 2020
medline: 31 8 2021
entrez: 22 2 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017.
METHODS
Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning.
RESULTS
Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes.
CONCLUSIONS
There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484 PMID: 32079663 PMC: PMC7571364
pubmed: 32079663
pii: injuryprev-2019-043484
doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484
pmc: PMC7571364
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

i83-i95

Subventions

Organisme : World Health Organization
ID : 001
Pays : International

Commentaires et corrections

Type : ErratumIn

Informations de copyright

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Competing interests: Dr. Franklin reports receiving airfare reimbursement from Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Bhaumik reports grants from Royal National Lifeboat Institution, UK, outside the submitted work. Dr. Driscoll reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Ivers reports grants from Royal National LifeBoat Institute, outside the submitted work. Dr. Khubchandani reports grants from Merck Research Laboratories, outside the submitted work. Dr. James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work.

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Auteurs

Richard Charles Franklin (RC)

College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
ORCID: 0000-0003-1864-4552

Amy E Peden (AE)

Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
ORCID: 0000-0002-6424-1511

Erin B Hamilton (EB)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Catherine Bisignano (C)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Chris D Castle (CD)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Zachary V Dingels (ZV)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Simon I Hay (SI)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Zichen Liu (Z)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Ali H Mokdad (AH)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Nicholas L S Roberts (NLS)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Dillon O Sylte (DO)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Theo Vos (T)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Gdiom Gebreheat Abady (GG)

College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.

Akine Eshete Abosetugn (AE)

Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.

Rushdia Ahmed (R)

James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Fares Alahdab (F)

Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Catalina Liliana Andrei (CL)

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.

Carl Abelardo T Antonio (CAT)

Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.

Jalal Arabloo (J)

Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Aseb Arba Kinfe Arba (AAK)

Nursing Department, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.

Ashish D Badiye (AD)

Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.

Shankar M Bakkannavar (SM)

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Maciej Banach (M)

Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.

Palash Chandra Banik (PC)

Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Amrit Banstola (A)

Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal.

Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo (SL)

School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Akbar Barzegar (A)

Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

Mohsen Bayati (M)

Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Pankaj Bhardwaj (P)

Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Wardha, India.

Soumyadeep Bhaumik (S)

The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.

Zulfiqar A Bhutta (ZA)

Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

Ali Bijani (A)

Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

Archith Boloor (A)

Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.

Félix Carvalho (F)

Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury (MAK)

Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.

Dinh-Toi Chu (DT)

Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Samantha M Colquhoun (SM)

Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.

Henok Dagne (H)

Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Baye Dagnew (B)

Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Lalit Dandona (L)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.

Rakhi Dandona (R)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.

Ahmad Daryani (A)

Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne (SD)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani (ZS)

Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Hoa Thi Do (HT)

Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Tim Robert Driscoll (TR)

Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Arielle Wilder Eagan (AW)

Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Ziad El-Khatib (Z)

Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada.

Eduarda Fernandes (E)

REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Irina Filip (I)

Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA.
School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Arizona, Missouri, USA.

Florian Fischer (F)

Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.

Berhe Gebremichael (B)

Public Health Department, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.

Gaurav Gupta (G)

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India.

Juanita A Haagsma (JA)

Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Shoaib Hassan (S)

Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Delia Hendrie (D)

School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

Chi Linh Hoang (CL)

Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Michael K Hole (MK)

Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

Ramesh Holla (R)

Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Sorin Hostiuc (S)

Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.

Mowafa Househ (M)

Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar.

Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi (OS)

Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Leeberk Raja Inbaraj (LR)

Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani (SSN)

Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

M Mofizul Islam (MM)

School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Rebecca Q Ivers (RQ)

School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Achala Upendra Jayatilleke (AU)

Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Farahnaz Joukar (F)

Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.

Rohollah Kalhor (R)

Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin, Iran.
Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.

Tanuj Kanchan (T)

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.

Neeti Kapoor (N)

Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.

Amir Kasaeian (A)

Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Maseer Khan (M)

Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

Ejaz Ahmad Khan (EA)

Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Jagdish Khubchandani (J)

Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.

Kewal Krishan (K)

Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

G Anil Kumar (GA)

Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.

Paolo Lauriola (P)

Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.

Alan D Lopez (AD)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Mohammed Madadin (M)

Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Marek Majdan (M)

Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.

Venkatesh Maled (V)

Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.
Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Navid Manafi (N)

Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

Ali Manafi (A)

Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Martin McKee (M)

Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

Hagazi Gebre Meles (HG)

Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.

Ritesh G Menezes (RG)

Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Tuomo J Meretoja (TJ)

Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Ted R Miller (TR)

School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA.

Prasanna Mithra (P)

Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.

Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani (A)

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

Reza Mohammadpourhodki (R)

Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.

Farnam Mohebi (F)

Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Mariam Molokhia (M)

Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.

Ghulam Mustafa (G)

Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.
Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan.

Ionut Negoi (I)

General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.

Cuong Tat Nguyen (CT)

Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Huong Lan Thi Nguyen (HLT)

Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Andrew T Olagunju (AT)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

Tinuke O Olagunju (TO)

Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Jagadish Rao Padubidri (JR)

Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Keyvan Pakshir (K)

Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Ashish Pathak (A)

Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.

Suzanne Polinder (S)

Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi (DRA)

Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.

Navid Rabiee (N)

Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Amir Radfar (A)

College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.

Saleem Muhammad Rana (SM)

University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Jennifer Rickard (J)

Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda.

Saeed Safari (S)

Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Payman Salamati (P)

Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abdallah M Samy (AM)

Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Abdur Razzaque Sarker (AR)

Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

David C Schwebel (DC)

Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Subramanian Senthilkumaran (S)

Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.

Faramarz Shaahmadi (F)

Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.

Masood Ali Shaikh (MA)

Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.

Jae Il Shin (JI)

College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea.
Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Pankaj Kumar Singh (PK)

Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.

Amin Soheili (A)

Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.

Mark A Stokes (MA)

Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.

Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria (HAR)

Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Ingan Ukur Tarigan (IU)

Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Mohamad-Hani Temsah (MH)

Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Berhe Etsay Tesfay (BE)

Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.

Pascual R Valdez (PR)

Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Yousef Veisani (Y)

Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.

Pengpeng Ye (P)

Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.

Naohiro Yonemoto (N)

Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.

Chuanhua Yu (C)

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

Hasan Yusefzadeh (H)

Department of Health Economics and Management, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.

Sojib Bin Zaman (SB)

Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Zhi-Jiang Zhang (ZJ)

Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

Spencer L James (SL)

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA spencj@uw.edu.
ORCID: 0000-0003-4653-2507

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Asie › Asie de l'Ouest › Asie du Sud › Bangladesh › The burden of unintentional drowning: global,...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › The burden of unintentional drowning: global,...
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Asie › Extrême-Orient › Chine › The burden of unintentional drowning: global,...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Accidents › Noyade › The burden of unintentional drowning: global,...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Collecte de données › Enquêtes et questionnaires › Enquêtes de santé › Indicateurs d'état de santé › Charge mondiale de morbidité › The burden of unintentional drowning: global,...
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