Time-Integrated Neutrino Source Searches with 10 Years of IceCube Data.

Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
07 Feb 2020
Historique:
revised: 13 12 2019
received: 18 10 2019
accepted: 06 01 2020
entrez: 22 2 2020
pubmed: 23 2 2020
medline: 23 2 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

This Letter presents the results from pointlike neutrino source searches using ten years of IceCube data collected between April 6, 2008 and July 10, 2018. We evaluate the significance of an astrophysical signal from a pointlike source looking for an excess of clustered neutrino events with energies typically above ∼1  TeV among the background of atmospheric muons and neutrinos. We perform a full-sky scan, a search within a selected source catalog, a catalog population study, and three stacked Galactic catalog searches. The most significant point in the northern hemisphere from scanning the sky is coincident with the Seyfert II galaxy NGC 1068, which was included in the source catalog search. The excess at the coordinates of NGC 1068 is inconsistent with background expectations at the level of 2.9σ after accounting for statistical trials from the entire catalog. The combination of this result along with excesses observed at the coordinates of three other sources, including TXS 0506+056, suggests that, collectively, correlations with sources in the northern catalog are inconsistent with background at 3.3σ significance. The southern catalog is consistent with background. These results, all based on searches for a cumulative neutrino signal integrated over the 10 years of available data, motivate further study of these and similar sources, including time-dependent analyses, multimessenger correlations, and the possibility of stronger evidence with coming upgrades to the detector.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.051103 PMID: 32083934
pubmed: 32083934
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.051103
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

051103

Auteurs

M G Aartsen (MG)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

M Ackermann (M)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Adams (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

J A Aguilar (JA)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M Ahlers (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

M Ahrens (M)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

C Alispach (C)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

K Andeen (K)

Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA.

T Anderson (T)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

I Ansseau (I)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G Anton (G)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

C Argüelles (C)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Auffenberg (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Axani (S)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Backes (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

H Bagherpour (H)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

X Bai (X)

Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.

A Balagopal (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

A Barbano (A)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

S W Barwick (SW)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

B Bastian (B)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

V Baum (V)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

S Baur (S)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

R Bay (R)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

J J Beatty (JJ)

Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

K-H Becker (KH)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

J Becker Tjus (J)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

S BenZvi (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

D Berley (D)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

E Bernardini (E)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

D Z Besson (DZ)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.

G Binder (G)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

D Bindig (D)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

E Blaufuss (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

S Blot (S)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

C Bohm (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

M Börner (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

S Böser (S)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

O Botner (O)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

J Böttcher (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

E Bourbeau (E)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

J Bourbeau (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

F Bradascio (F)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Braun (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Bron (S)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

J Brostean-Kaiser (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

A Burgman (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

J Buscher (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

R S Busse (RS)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

T Carver (T)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

C Chen (C)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

E Cheung (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

D Chirkin (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Choi (S)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

K Clark (K)

SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario, Canada P3Y 1N2.

L Classen (L)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

A Coleman (A)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

G H Collin (GH)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J M Conrad (JM)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Coppin (P)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

P Correa (P)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

D F Cowen (DF)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

R Cross (R)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

P Dave (P)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

C De Clercq (C)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

J J DeLaunay (JJ)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

H Dembinski (H)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

K Deoskar (K)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

S De Ridder (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

P Desiati (P)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K D de Vries (KD)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G de Wasseige (G)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M de With (M)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

T DeYoung (T)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

A Diaz (A)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J C Díaz-Vélez (JC)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

H Dujmovic (H)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M Dunkman (M)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

E Dvorak (E)

Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.

B Eberhardt (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Ehrhardt (T)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

P Eller (P)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

R Engel (R)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

P A Evenson (PA)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

S Fahey (S)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A R Fazely (AR)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

J Felde (J)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

K Filimonov (K)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

C Finley (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

D Fox (D)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

A Franckowiak (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

E Friedman (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A Fritz (A)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T K Gaisser (TK)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

J Gallagher (J)

Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Ganster (E)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Garrappa (S)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

L Gerhardt (L)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

K Ghorbani (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Glauch (T)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

T Glüsenkamp (T)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

A Goldschmidt (A)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

J G Gonzalez (JG)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

D Grant (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Z Griffith (Z)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Griswold (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

M Günder (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Gündüz (M)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

C Haack (C)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Hallgren (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

R Halliday (R)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

L Halve (L)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Halzen (F)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Hanson (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Haungs (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

D Hebecker (D)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

D Heereman (D)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

P Heix (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

K Helbing (K)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

R Hellauer (R)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

F Henningsen (F)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

S Hickford (S)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

J Hignight (J)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

G C Hill (GC)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

K D Hoffman (KD)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

R Hoffmann (R)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

T Hoinka (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

B Hokanson-Fasig (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Hoshina (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

F Huang (F)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

M Huber (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

T Huber (T)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Hultqvist (K)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

M Hünnefeld (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

R Hussain (R)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S In (S)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

N Iovine (N)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Ishihara (A)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

G S Japaridze (GS)

CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA.

M Jeong (M)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

K Jero (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

B J P Jones (BJP)

Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.

F Jonske (F)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

R Joppe (R)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

D Kang (D)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

W Kang (W)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

A Kappes (A)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

D Kappesser (D)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Karg (T)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Karl (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

A Karle (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

U Katz (U)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

M Kauer (M)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J L Kelley (JL)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Kheirandish (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Kim (J)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

T Kintscher (T)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Kiryluk (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

T Kittler (T)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

S R Klein (SR)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

R Koirala (R)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

H Kolanoski (H)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

L Köpke (L)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C Kopper (C)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

S Kopper (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

D J Koskinen (DJ)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

M Kowalski (M)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Krings (K)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

G Krückl (G)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

N Kulacz (N)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

N Kurahashi (N)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

A Kyriacou (A)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

M Labare (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

J L Lanfranchi (JL)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

M J Larson (MJ)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

F Lauber (F)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

J P Lazar (JP)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Leonard (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Leszczyńska (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M Leuermann (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

Q R Liu (QR)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Lohfink (E)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C J Lozano Mariscal (CJ)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

L Lu (L)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

F Lucarelli (F)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

J Lünemann (J)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

W Luszczak (W)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Y Lyu (Y)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

W Y Ma (WY)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Madsen (J)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

G Maggi (G)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

K B M Mahn (KBM)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Y Makino (Y)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

P Mallik (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

K Mallot (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Mancina (S)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

I C Mariş (IC)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

R Maruyama (R)

Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

K Mase (K)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

H S Matis (HS)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

R Maunu (R)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

F McNally (F)

Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA.

K Meagher (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Medici (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

A Medina (A)

Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

M Meier (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

S Meighen-Berger (S)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

T Menne (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

G Merino (G)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Meures (T)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

J Micallef (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

D Mockler (D)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G Momenté (G)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Montaruli (T)

Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

R W Moore (RW)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

R Morse (R)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Moulai (M)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Muth (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

R Nagai (R)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

U Naumann (U)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

G Neer (G)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

H Niederhausen (H)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

M U Nisa (MU)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

S C Nowicki (SC)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

D R Nygren (DR)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

A Obertacke Pollmann (A)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

M Oehler (M)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

A Olivas (A)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A O'Murchadha (A)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

E O'Sullivan (E)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

T Palczewski (T)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

H Pandya (H)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

D V Pankova (DV)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

N Park (N)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

P Peiffer (P)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C Pérez de Los Heros (C)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

S Philippen (S)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

D Pieloth (D)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

E Pinat (E)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Pizzuto (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Plum (M)

Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA.

A Porcelli (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

P B Price (PB)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

G T Przybylski (GT)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

C Raab (C)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Raissi (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

M Rameez (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

L Rauch (L)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Rawlins (K)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.

I C Rea (IC)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

R Reimann (R)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

B Relethford (B)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

M Renschler (M)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

G Renzi (G)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

E Resconi (E)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

W Rhode (W)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

M Richman (M)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

S Robertson (S)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

M Rongen (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Rott (C)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

T Ruhe (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

D Ryckbosch (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

D Rysewyk (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

I Safa (I)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S E Sanchez Herrera (SE)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

A Sandrock (A)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

J Sandroos (J)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

M Santander (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

S Sarkar (S)

Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.

S Sarkar (S)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

K Satalecka (K)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Schaufel (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

H Schieler (H)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

P Schlunder (P)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

T Schmidt (T)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A Schneider (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Schneider (J)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

F G Schröder (FG)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

L Schumacher (L)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Sclafani (S)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

D Seckel (D)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

S Seunarine (S)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

S Shefali (S)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Silva (M)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

R Snihur (R)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Soedingrekso (J)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

D Soldin (D)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

M Song (M)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

G M Spiczak (GM)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

C Spiering (C)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Stachurska (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Stamatikos (M)

Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

T Stanev (T)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

R Stein (R)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

P Steinmüller (P)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

J Stettner (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Steuer (A)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Stezelberger (T)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

R G Stokstad (RG)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

A Stößl (A)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

N L Strotjohann (NL)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

T Stürwald (T)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

T Stuttard (T)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

G W Sullivan (GW)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

I Taboada (I)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

F Tenholt (F)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

S Ter-Antonyan (S)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

A Terliuk (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

S Tilav (S)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

K Tollefson (K)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

L Tomankova (L)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

C Tönnis (C)

Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

S Toscano (S)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

D Tosi (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Trettin (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Tselengidou (M)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

C F Tung (CF)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

A Turcati (A)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

R Turcotte (R)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

C F Turley (CF)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

B Ty (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Unger (E)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

M A Unland Elorrieta (MA)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

M Usner (M)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Vandenbroucke (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

W Van Driessche (W)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

D van Eijk (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

N van Eijndhoven (N)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

S Vanheule (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

J van Santen (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Vraeghe (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

C Walck (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

A Wallace (A)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

M Wallraff (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

N Wandkowsky (N)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T B Watson (TB)

Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.

C Weaver (C)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

A Weindl (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M J Weiss (MJ)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

J Weldert (J)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C Wendt (C)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Werthebach (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

B J Whelan (BJ)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

N Whitehorn (N)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.

K Wiebe (K)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C H Wiebusch (CH)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

L Wille (L)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

D R Williams (DR)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

L Wills (L)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

M Wolf (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

J Wood (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T R Wood (TR)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

K Woschnagg (K)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

G Wrede (G)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

D L Xu (DL)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

X W Xu (XW)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

Y Xu (Y)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

J P Yanez (JP)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

G Yodh (G)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

S Yoshida (S)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

T Yuan (T)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Zöcklein (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

Classifications MeSH