Crop raiders in an ecological trap: optimal foraging individual-based modeling quantifies the effect of alternate crops.
Prince Albert National Park
animal movement
crop raiding
diversionary feeding
ecological trap
hunting
individual-based model
optimal foraging
plains bison
step selection function
Journal
Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America
ISSN: 1051-0761
Titre abrégé: Ecol Appl
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9889808
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2020
07 2020
Historique:
received:
20
09
2019
revised:
02
01
2020
accepted:
24
01
2020
pubmed:
1
3
2020
medline:
7
1
2021
entrez:
1
3
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Crop raiding is an increasing source of human-wildlife conflict that antagonizes humans and can lead to heightened killing of wildlife. Attraction to crops can trigger ecological traps, where animals prefer areas of their range that confer relatively low fitness. Food can be used to draw animals away from problematic areas, but an alternative considered less often is to replace high-quality food with poorer alternatives. In any case, managers often have no means of anticipating by how much such interventions should impact animal use of space. Optimal foraging theory predicts that foragers optimizing their diet should choose food items according to their relative profitability (i.e., digestible energy/ handling time), a theoretical prediction that can orient management actions. Accordingly, we developed an individual-based model (IBM) simulating movement through empirical rules under an optimal foraging framework. Our objective was to quantify the effect size of cultivating alternate crops to reduce crop raiding and the associated human-induced mortality driving an ecological trap for an energy maximizer, plains bison (Bison bison bison). Results showed that almost tripling the area of cultivation of crops of lower profitability (from 24.3% of the bison range outside the protected area in one management scenario to 70.3% in another) only led to a 25% additional decrease in the intensity of crop raiding (from a decrease of 40% in the first scenario to a decrease of 65% in the second). This suggests that localized interventions in the landscape are likely to have a stronger impact in mitigating crop raiding than broad actions ignoring spatial patterns in food distribution. However, we obtained no significant reduction in the number of simulated bison being harvested in the first scenario, and only a small reduction in the second, when the intervention was spatially broad. Our individual-based approach to animal movement informed by optimal foraging demonstrates that linking landscape configuration to mortality rates can help managers anticipate the effectiveness of manipulating food to keep animals away from problematic zones. Yet disarming ecological traps driven by human hunting appears to be a much more challenging undertaking.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e02111Subventions
Organisme : Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
ID : 311787
Pays : International
Organisme : Parks Canada
Pays : International
Organisme : Université Laval
Pays : International
Organisme : Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)
Pays : International
Organisme : Ministère de l'Économie, des Sciences et de l'Innovation du Québec (MESI)
Pays : International
Organisme : le Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies (FRQ-NT)
Pays : International
Informations de copyright
© 2020 by the Ecological Society of America.
Références
Abrahams, M. I., C. A. Peres, and H. C. M. Costa. 2017. Measuring local depletion of terrestrial game vertebrates by central-place hunters in rural Amazonia. PLoS ONE 12:e0186653.
Argonne National Laboratory. 2018. Repast for high performance computing. Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.
Babin, J. S., D. Fortin, J. F. Wilmshurst, and M. E. Fortin. 2011. Energy gains predict the distribution of plains bison across populations and ecosystems. Ecology 92:240-252.
Battin, J. 2004. When good animals love bad habitats: ecological traps and the conservation of animal populations. Conservation Biology 18:1482-1491.
Branco, P. S., J. A. Merkle, R. M. Pringle, J. Pansu, A. B. Potter, A. Reynolds, M. Stalmans, and R. A. Long. 2019. Determinants of elephant foraging behaviour in a coupled human-natural system: is brown the new green? Journal of Animal Ecology 88:780-792.
Champagne, E., J.-P. Tremblay, and S. D. Côté. 2016. Spatial extent of neighboring plants influences the strength of associational effects on mammal herbivory. Ecosphere 7:e01371.
Charnov, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129-136.
Courant, S., and D. Fortin. 2010. Foraging decisions of bison for rapid energy gains can explain the relative risk to neighboring plants in complex swards. Ecology 91:1841-1849.
Courant, S., and D. Fortin. 2012a. Time allocation of bison in meadow patches driven by potential energy gains and group size dynamics. Oikos 121:1163-1173.
Courant, S., and D. Fortin. 2012b. Search efficiency of free-ranging plains bison for optimal food items. Animal Behaviour 84:1039-1049.
Dancose, K., D. Fortin, and G. U. O. Xulin. 2011. Mechanisms of functional connectivity: the case of free-ranging bison in a forest landscape. Ecological Applications 21:1871-1885.
Darimont, C. T., C. H. Fox, H. M. Bryan, and T. E. Reimchen. 2015. The unique ecology of human predators. Science 349:858-860.
Davies, A. B., C. J. Tambling, G. I. H. Kerley, and G. P. Asner. 2016. Limited spatial response to direct predation risk by African herbivores following predator reintroduction. Ecology and Evolution 6:5728-5748.
Ditmer, M. A., T. E. Burk, and D. L. Garsheils. 2015. Do innate food preferences and learning affect crop raiding by American black bears? Ursus 26:40-52.
Duchesne, T., D. Fortin, and L.-P. Rivest. 2015. Equivalence between step selection functions and biased correlated random walks for statistical inference on animal movement. PLoS ONE 10:e0122947.
Dupke, C., C. Bonenfant, B. Reineking, R. Hable, T. Zeppenfeld, M. Ewald, and M. Heurich. 2017. Habitat selection by a large herbivore at multiple spatial and temporal scales is primarily governed by food resources. Ecography 40:1014-1027.
Efron, B., and R. Tibshirani. 1986. Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy. Statistical Science 1:54-75.
Forester, J. D., H. K. Im, and P. J. Rathouz. 2009. Accounting for animal movement in estimation of resource selection functions: sampling and data analysis. Ecology 90:3554-3565.
Fortin, D., J. M. Fryxell, and R. Pilote. 2002. The temporal scale of foraging decisions in bison. Ecology 83:970-982.
Fortin, D., J. M. Fryxell, L. O’Brodovich, and D. Frandsen. 2003. Foraging ecology of bison at the landscape and plant community levels: the applicability of energy maximization principles. Oecologia 134:219-227.
Fortin, D., M. S. Boyce, and E. H. Merrill. 2004. Multi-tasking by mammalian herbivores: overlapping processes during foraging. Ecology 85:2312-2322.
Fortin, D., H. L. Beyer, M. S. Boyce, D. W. Smith, T. Duchesne, and J. S. Mao. 2005. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86:1320-1330.
Fortin, D., J. A. Merkle, M. Sigaud, S. G. Cherry, S. Plante, A. Drolet, and M. Labrecque. 2015. Temporal dynamics in the foraging decisions of large herbivores. Animal Production Science 55:376-383.
Fuller, J. A., R. A. Garrott, P. J. White, K. E. Aune, T. J. Roffe, and J. C. Rhyan. 2007. Reproduction and survival of Yellowstone bison. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2365-2372.
Grimm, V., and S. F. Railsback. 2005. Individual-based modeling and ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Grimm, V., E. Revilla, U. Berger, F. Jeltsch, W. M. Mooij, S. F. Railsback, H. H. Thulke, J. Weiner, T. Wiegand, and D. L. DeAngelis. 2005. Pattern-oriented modeling of agent-based complex systems: lessons from ecology. Science 310:987-991.
Grimm, V., R. Stillman, K. Jax, and J. Goss-Custard. 2007. Modeling adaptive behavior in event-driven environments: temporally explicit individual-based ecology. Pages 59-77 in J. A. Bissonette and I. Storch, editors. Temporal dimensions of landscape ecology: wildlife responses to variable resources. Springer, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Grimm, V., U. Berger, D. L. DeAngelis, J. G. Polhill, J. Giske, and S. F. Railsback. 2010. The ODD protocol: a review and first update. Ecological Modelling 221:2760-2768.
Gross, E. M., R. McRobb, and J. Gross. 2016. Cultivating alternative crops reduces crop losses due to African elephants. Journal of Pest Science 89:497-506.
Gross, E. M., B. P. Lahkar, N. Subedi, V. R. Nyirenda, L. L. Lichtenfeld, and O. Jakoby. 2018. Seasonality, crop type and crop phenology influence crop damage by wildlife herbivores in Africa and Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation 27:2029-2050.
Hale, R., and S. E. Swearer. 2016. Ecological traps: current evidence and future directions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283:20152647.
Hale, R., R. Coleman, V. Pettigrove, and S. E. Swearer. 2015. Identifying, preventing and mitigating ecological traps to improve the management of urban aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology 52:928-939.
Hill, C. M. 2017. Primate crop feeding behavior, crop protection, and conservation. International Journal of Primatology 38:385-400.
Hill, C. M. 2018. Crop foraging, crop losses, and crop raiding. Annual Review of Anthropology 47:377-394.
Hockings, K. J., and M. R. McLennan. 2012. From forest to farm: systematic review of cultivar feeding by chimpanzees - management implications for wildlife in anthropogenic landscapes. PLoS ONE 7:e33391.
Illius, A. W., P. Duncan, C. Richard, and P. Mesochina. 2002. Mechanisms of functional response and resource exploitation in browsing roe deer. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:723-734.
Jiang, J. Z., and T. R. Fortenbery. 2019. El Nino and La Nina induced volatility spillover effects in the US soybean and water equity markets. Applied Economics 51:1133-1150.
Karyotis, C., and S. Alijani. 2016. Soft commodities and the global financial crisis: implications for the economy, resources and institutions. Research in International Business and Finance 37:350-359.
Kramer-Schadt, S., E. Revilla, T. Wiegand, and V. Grimm. 2007. Patterns for parameters in simulation models. Ecological Modelling 204:553-556.
Kubasiewicz, L. M., N. Bunnefeld, A. I. T. Tulloch, C. P. Quine, andK. J. Park. 2016. Diversionary feeding: an effective management strategy for conservation conflict? Biodiversity and Conservation 25:1-22.
Kumar, A., H. S. Bargali, A. David, and A. Edgaonkar. 2017. Patterns of crop raiding by wild ungulates and elephants in Ramnagar Forest Division, Uttarakhand. Human-Wildlife Interactions 11:41-49.
Lambert, J. E., and J. M. Rothman. 2015. Fallback foods, optimal diets, and nutritional targets: primate responses to varying food availability and quality. Annual Review of Anthropology 44:493-512.
Latombe, G., L. Parrott, M. Basille, and D. Fortin. 2014. Uniting statistical and individual-based approaches for animal movement modelling. PLoS ONE 9:e99938.
Ling, S., and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2006. Assessment of the sustainability of bushmeat hunting based on dynamic bioeconomic models. Conservation Biology 20:1294-1299.
Ling, S., and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2008. When does spatial structure matter in models of wildlife harvesting? Journal of Applied Ecology 45:63-71.
Matthiopoulos, J., J. Fieberg, G. Aarts, H. L. Beyer, J. M. Morales, and D. T. Haydon. 2015. Establishing the link between habitat selection and animal population dynamics. Ecological Monographs 85:413-436.
McLane, A. J., C. Semeniuk, G. J. McDermid, and D. J. Marceau. 2011. The role of agent-based models in wildlife ecology and management. Ecological Modelling 222:1544-1556.
McNamara, J. M., A. I. Houston, and W. W. Weisser. 1993. Combining prey choice and patch use-what does rate maximizing predict? Journal of Theoretical Biology 164:219-238.
Meagher, M. 1986. Bison bison. Mammalian Species 266:1-8.
Merkle, J. A., D. Fortin, and J. M. Morales. 2014. A memory-based foraging tactic reveals an adaptive mechanism for restricted space use. Ecology Letters 17:924-931.
Merkle, J. A., S. G. Cherry, and D. Fortin. 2015. Bison distribution under conflicting foraging strategies: site fidelity vs. energy maximization. Ecology 96:1793-1801.
Milner, J. M., F. M. Van Beest, K. T. Schmidt, R. K. Brook, and T. Storaas. 2014. To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management 78:1322-1334.
Morales, J. M., P. R. Moorcroft, J. Matthiopoulos, J. L. Frair, J. G. Kie, R. A. Powell, E. H. Merrill, and D. T. Haydon. 2010. Building the bridge between animal movement and population dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365:2289-2301.
Mori, E., A. Sforzi, G. Bogliani, and P. Milanesi. 2018. Range expansion and redefinition of a crop-raiding rodent associated with global warming and temperature increase. Climatic Change 150:319-331.
Ngama, S., J. Bindelle, J. R. Poulsen, J. L. Hornick, A. Linden, L. Korte, J. L. Doucet, and C. Vermeulen. 2019. Do topography and fruit presence influence occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis)? PLoS ONE 14:e0213971.
Nicosia, A., T. Duchesne, L. P. Rivest, and D. Fortin. 2017. A multi-state conditional logistic regression model for the analysis of animal movement. Annals of Applied Statistics 11:1537-1560.
Parker, G. E., and F. V. Osborn. 2006. Investigating the potential for chilli Capsicum spp. to reduce human-wildlife conflict in Zimbabwe. Oryx 40:343-346.
Peterson, G. D., G. S. Cumming, and S. R. Carpenter. 2003. Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain world. Conservation Biology 17:358-366.
Pozo, R. A., J. J. Cusack, G. McCulloch, A. Stronza, A. Songhurst, and T. Coulson. 2018. Elephant space-use is not a good predictor of crop-damage. Biological Conservation 228:241-251.
Railsback, S. F. 2001. Concepts from complex adaptive systems as a framework for individual-based modelling. Ecological Modelling 139:47-62.
Ranglack, D. H., and J. T. du Toit. 2016. Bison with benefits: towards integrating wildlife and ranching sectors on a public rangeland in the western USA. Oryx 50:549-554.
Ranjan, R. 2017. Tuskers, tasty crops and the forest tribes in between: managing HECs through financial incentives in human-elephant-forest ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 6:79-95.
Riley, E. P. 2007. The human-macaque interface: conservation implications of current and future overlap and conflict in lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. American Anthropologist 109:473-484.
Robertson, B. A. 2012. Investigating targets of avian habitat management to eliminate an ecological trap. Avian Conservation and Ecology 7:2.
Robertson, B. A., J. S. Rehage, and A. Sih. 2013. Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28:552-560.
Sanderson, E. W., et al. 2008. The ecological future of the North American bison: conceiving long-term, large-scale conservation of wildlife. Conservation Biology 22:252-266.
Sigaud, M., J. A. Merkle, S. G. Cherry, J. M. Fryxell, A. Berdahl, and D. Fortin. 2017. Collective decision-making promotes fitness loss in a fusion-fission society. Ecology Letters 20:33-40.
Sih, A. 2013. Understanding variation in behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change: a conceptual overview. Animal Behaviour 85:1077-1088.
Simon, R. N., and D. Fortin. 2019. Linking habitat use to mortality and population viability to disarm an ecological trap. Biological Conservation 236:366-374.
Simon, R. N., S. G. Cherry, and D. Fortin. 2019. Complex tactics in a dynamic large herbivore-carnivore spatiotemporal game. Oikos 128:1318-1328.
Sinclair, A. R. E., S. Mduma, and J. S. Brashares. 2003. Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system. Nature 425:288-290.
Smart, J., and A. Amar. 2018. Diversionary feeding as a means of reducing raptor predation at seabird breeding colonies. Journal for Nature Conservation 46:48-55.
Srinivasaiah, N., V. Kumar, S. Vaidyanathan, R. Sukumar, and A. Sinha. 2019. All-male groups in Asian elephants: a novel, adaptive social strategy in increasingly anthropogenic landscapes of southern India. Scientific Reports 9:8678.
Stephens, D. W., and J. R. Krebs. 1986. Foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Taylor, R. A., S. J. Ryan, J. S. Brashares, and L. R. Johnson. 2016. Hunting, food subsidies, and mesopredator release: the dynamics of crop-raiding baboons in a managed landscape. Ecology 97:951-960.
Torney, C. J., J. G. C. Hopcraft, T. A. Morrison, I. D. Couzin, and S. A. Levin. 2018. From single steps to mass migration: the problem of scale in the movement ecology of the Serengeti wildebeest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373:20170012.
Torres, D. F., E. S. Oliveira, and R. R. N. Alves. 2018. Conflicts between humans and terrestrial vertebrates: a global review. Tropical Conservation Science 11:194008291879408.
Underwood, N., B. D. Inouye, P. A. Hambäck, and H. E. J. D. Thomson. 2014. A conceptual framework for associational effects: When do neighbors matter and how would we know? Quarterly Review of Biology 89:1-19.