245 MHz bandwidth organic light-emitting diodes used in a gigabit optical wireless data link.
Journal
Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 Mar 2020
03 Mar 2020
Historique:
received:
02
05
2019
accepted:
04
02
2020
entrez:
5
3
2020
pubmed:
5
3
2020
medline:
5
3
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Organic optoelectronic devices combine high-performance, simple fabrication and distinctive form factors. They are widely integrated in smart devices and wearables as flexible, high pixel density organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays, and may be scaled to large area by roll-to-roll printing for lightweight solar power systems. Exceptionally thin and flexible organic devices may enable future integrated bioelectronics and security features. However, as a result of their low charge mobility, these are generally thought to be slow devices with microsecond response times, thereby limiting their full scope of potential applications. By investigating the factors limiting their bandwidth and overcoming them, we demonstrate here exceptionally fast OLEDs with bandwidths in the hundreds of MHz range. This opens up a wide range of potential applications in spectroscopy, communications, sensing and optical ranging. As an illustration of this, we have demonstrated visible light communication using OLEDs with data rates exceeding 1 gigabit per second.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32127529
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14880-2
pii: 10.1038/s41467-020-14880-2
pmc: PMC7054290
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1171Subventions
Organisme : RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
ID : EP/K00042X/I
Organisme : RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
ID : EP/R005281/1
Organisme : RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
ID : EP/R035164/1
Références
McCarthy, M. A. et al. Low-voltage, low-power, organic light-emitting transistors for active matrix displays. Science 332, 570–573 (2011).
doi: 10.1126/science.1203052
pubmed: 21527708
Kaltenbrunner, M. et al. Ultrathin and lightweight organic solar cells with high flexibility. Nat. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1772 (2012).
White, M. S. et al. Ultrathin, highly flexible and stretchable PLEDs. Nat. Photonics 7, 811–816 (2013).
doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.188
Kaltenbrunner, M. et al. An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics. Nature 499, 458–463 (2013).
doi: 10.1038/nature12314
pubmed: 23887430
Tumbleston, J. R. et al. The influence of molecular orientation on organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Nat. Photonics 8, 385–391 (2014).
doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.55
Cui, Y. et al. Wide-gap non-fullerene acceptor enabling high-performance organic photovoltaic cells for indoor applications. Nat. Energy 4, 768–775 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41560-019-0448-5
Kondo, Y. et al. Narrowband deep-blue organic light-emitting diode featuring an organoboron-based emitter. Nat. Photonics 13, 678–682 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0476-5
Bansal, A. K., Hou, S., Kulyk, O., Bowman, E. M. & Samuel, I. D. W. Wearable organic optoelectronic sensors for medicine. Adv. Mater. 27, 7638–7644 (2015).
doi: 10.1002/adma.201403560
pubmed: 25488890
Choi, S. et al. Highly flexible and efficient fabric-based organic light-emitting devices for clothing-shaped wearable displays. Sci. Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06733-8 (2017).
Carey, T. et al. Fully inkjet-printed two-dimensional material field-effect heterojunctions for wearable and textile electronics. Nat. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01210-2 (2017).
Park, S. et al. Self-powered ultra-flexible electronics via nano-grating-patterned organic photovoltaics. Nature 561, 516–521 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0536-x
pubmed: 30258137
Lochner, C. M., Khan, Y., Pierre, A. & Arias, A. C. All-organic optoelectronic sensor for pulse oximetry. Nat. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6745 (2014).
Lee, H. et al. Toward all-day wearable health monitoring: An ultralow-power, reflective organic pulse oximetry sensing patch. Sci. Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aas9530 (2018).
Zvanovec, S., Chvojka, P., Haigh, P. A. & Ghassemlooy, Z. Visible light communications towards 5G. Radioengineering 24, 1–9 (2015).
doi: 10.13164/re.2015.0001
Punke, M., Valouch, S., Kettlitz, S. W., Gerken, M. & Lemmer, U. Optical data link employing organic light-emitting diodes and organic photodiodes as optoelectronic components. J. Lightwave Technol. 26, 816–823 (2008).
doi: 10.1109/JLT.2007.915206
Barlow, I. A., Kreouzis, T. & Lidzey, D. G. High-speed electroluminescence modulation of a conjugated-polymer light emitting diode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 243301 (2009).
doi: 10.1063/1.3147208
Chen, H., Xu, Z., Gao, Q. & Li, S. A 51.6 Mb/s experimental VLC system using a monochromic organic LED. IEEE Photon. J. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2748152 (2018).
Tsonev, D. et al. A 3-Gb/s single-LED OFDM-based wireless VLC link using a gallium nitride µLED. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26, 637–640 (2014).
doi: 10.1109/LPT.2013.2297621
Ferreira, R. X. G. et al. High bandwidth GaN-based micro-LEDs for multi-Gb/s visible light communications. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28, 2023–2026 (2016).
doi: 10.1109/LPT.2016.2581318
Islim, M. S. et al. Towards 10 Gb/s orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based visible light communication using a GaN violet micro-LED. Photon. Res. 5, A35–A43 (2017).
doi: 10.1364/PRJ.5.000A35
Williams, G., Backhouse, C. & Aziz, H. Integration of organic light emitting diodes and organic photodetectors for lab-on-a-chip bio-detection systems. Electronics 3, 43–75 (2014).
doi: 10.3390/electronics3010043
Choudhury, B., Shinar, R. & Shinar, J. Glucose biosensors based on organic light-emitting devices structurally integrated with a luminescent sensing element. J. Appl. Phys. 96, 2949–2954 (2004).
doi: 10.1063/1.1778477
Tanaka, Y., Komine, T., Haruyama, S. & Nakagawa, M. Indoor visible light data transmission system utilizing white LED lights. IEICE Trans. Commun. B 86, 2440–2454 (2003).
Elgala, H., Mesleh, R. & Haas, H. Indoor optical wireless communication: potential and state-of-the-art. IEEE Commun. Mag. 49, 56–62 (2011).
doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2011.6011734
Jovicic, A., Li, J. & Richardson, T. Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market. IEEE Commun. Mag. 51, 26–32 (2013).
doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2013.6685754
Wang, X. F., Uchida, T. & Minami, S. A fluorescence lifetime distribution measurement system based on phase-resolved detection Using an image dissector tube. Appl. Spectrosc. 43, 840–845 (1989).
doi: 10.1366/0003702894202364
Gray, C. M., König, P., Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338, 334–337 (1989).
doi: 10.1038/338334a0
pubmed: 2922061
Lakowicz, J. R., Szmacinski, H., Nowaczyk, K., Berndt, K. W. & Johnson, M. Fluorescence lifetime imaging. Anal. Biochem. 202, 316–330 (1992).
doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90112-K
pubmed: 1519759
pmcid: 6986422
Rokos, G. H. S. Optical detection using photodiodes. Opto-Electron. 5, 351–366 (1973).
doi: 10.1007/BF02057134
Fujimoto, J. G. et al. Femtosecond optical ranging in biological systems. Opt. Lett. 11, 150–152 (1986).
doi: 10.1364/OL.11.000150
pubmed: 19730562
Danielson, B. L. & Boisrobert, C. Y. Absolute optical ranging using low coherence interferometry. Appl. Opt. 30, 2975–2979 (1991).
doi: 10.1364/AO.30.002975
pubmed: 20706344
Srinivasan, V., Liu, H. C. & Halioua, M. Automated phase-measuring profilometry of 3-D diffuse objects. Appl. Opt. 23, 3105–3108 (1984).
doi: 10.1364/AO.23.003105
pubmed: 18213131
Saldner, H. O. & Huntley, J. M. Temporal phase unwrapping: application to surface profiling of discontinuous objects. Appl. Opt. 36, 2770–2775 (1997).
doi: 10.1364/AO.36.002770
pubmed: 18253268
Armstrong, J. OFDM for optical communications. J. Lightwave Technol. 27, 189–204 (2009).
doi: 10.1109/JLT.2008.2010061
Haas, H., Yin, L., Wang, Y. & Chen, C. What is LiFi? J. Lightwave Technol. 34, 1533–1544 (2016).
doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2510021
Walzer, K., Maennig, B., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Highly efficient organic devices based on electrically doped transport layers. Chem. Rev. 107, 1233–1271 (2007).
doi: 10.1021/cr050156n
pubmed: 17385929
Shi, J. & Tang, C. W. Anthracene derivatives for stable blue-emitting organic electroluminescence devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3201–3203 (2002).
doi: 10.1063/1.1475361
Zhang, Y., Whited, M., Thompson, M. E. & Forrest, S. R. Singlet–triplet quenching in high intensity fluorescent organic light emitting diodes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 495, 161–165 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.06.079
Furno, M., Meerheim, R., Hofmann, S., Lüssem, B. & Leo, K. Efficiency and rate of spontaneous emission in organic electroluminescent devices. Phys. Rev. B 85, 115205 (2012).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.115205
Oshiro, T. et al. Performance of blue fluorescence and red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using a molecular material with high hole drift mobility. Phys. Status Solidi C 9, 2549–2552 (2012).
doi: 10.1002/pssc.201200438
Chime, A. C. et al. Electrical modelling and design of ultra-fast micro-OLED with coplanar wave-guided electrodes in ON-OFF regime. Org. Electron. 56, 284–290 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2017.12.026
ITU-T. Forward error correction for high bit-rate DWDM submarine systems. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.975.1-200402-I/en (2004).
Deng, Y. et al. Development of very high luminance p–i–n junction‐based blue fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1901721 (2020).
Kajii, H. et al. Transient Properties of organic electroluminescent diode using 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum doped with rubrene as an electro-optical conversion device for polymeric integrated devices. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, 2746–2748 (2002).
Zeng, L. et al. Electrical and optical impulse response of high-speed micro-OLEDs under ultrashort pulse excitation. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 64, 2942–2948 (2017).
doi: 10.1109/TED.2017.2706723
Zhou, X. et al. Real-time observation of temperature rise and thermal breakdown processes in organic LEDs using an IR imaging and analysis system. Adv. Mater. 12, 265–269 (2000).
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200002)12:4<265::AID-ADMA265>3.0.CO;2-L
Yamamoto, H., Kasajima, H., Yokoyama, W., Sasabe, H. & Adachi, C. Extremely-high-density carrier injection and transport over 12000A/cm
doi: 10.1063/1.1866230
Chung, S., Lee, J.-H., Jeong, J., Kim, J.-J. & Hong, Y. Substrate thermal conductivity effect on heat dissipation and lifetime improvement of organic light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 253302 (2009).
doi: 10.1063/1.3154557
Inoue, M., Matsushima, T. & Adachi, C. Low amplified spontaneous emission threshold and suppression of electroluminescence efficiency roll-off in layers doped with ter(9,9′-spirobifluorene). Appl. Phys. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945596 (2016).
Thorlabs APD430x Operation Manual. https://www.thorlabs.de/thorproduct.cfm?partnumber=APD430A2/M . (2018).
Minh, H. L., Ghassemlooy, Z., Burton, A. & Haigh, P. A. Equalization for organic light emitting diodes in visible light communications. In 2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), 828–832. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOMW.2011.6162570 (2011).
Chun, H., Chiang, C. J., Monkman, A. & O’Brien, D. A study of illumination and communication using organic light emitting diodes. J. Lightwave Technol. 31, 3511–3517 (2013).
doi: 10.1109/JLT.2013.2284247
Le, S. T. et al. 10 Mb/s visible light transmission system using a polymer light-emitting diode with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Opt. Lett. 39, 3876–3879 (2014).
doi: 10.1364/OL.39.003876
pubmed: 24978760
Haigh, P. A. et al. Wavelength-multiplexed polymer LEDs: towards 55 Mb/s organic visible light communications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 33, 1819–1828 (2015).
doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2015.2432491
Collins, S., O’Brien, D. C. & Watt, A. High gain, wide field of view concentrator for optical communications. Opt. Lett. 39, 1756–1759 (2014).
doi: 10.1364/OL.39.001756
pubmed: 24686597
Manousiadis, P. P. et al. Wide field-of-view fluorescent antenna for visible light communications beyond the étendue limit. Optica 3, 702–706 (2016).
doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.3.000702
Peyronel, T., Quirk, K. J., Wang, S. C. & Tiecke, T. G. Luminescent detector for free-space optical communication. Optica 3, 787–792 (2016).
doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.3.000787
Schwab, T. et al. Highly efficient color stable inverted white top-emitting OLEDs with ultra-thin wetting layer top electrodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 707–713 (2013).
doi: 10.1002/adom.201300241
Qian, M. et al. A stacked Al/Ag anode for short circuit protection in ITO free top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes. RSC Adv. 5, 96478–96482 (2015).
doi: 10.1039/C5RA18132A
Vučić, J., Kottke, C., Nerreter, S., Langer, K.-D. & Walewski, J. W. 513 Mbit/s visible light communications link based on DMT-modulation of a white LED. J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3512–3518 (2010).
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Chi, N., Yu, J. & Shang, H. Demonstration of 575-Mb/s downlink and 225-Mb/s uplink bi-directional SCM-WDM visible light communication using RGB LED and phosphor-based LED. Opt. Express 21, 1203–1208 (2013).
doi: 10.1364/OE.21.001203
pubmed: 23389012
Campello, J. Optimal discrete bit loading for multicarrier modulation systems. In Proceedings of 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIT.1998.708791 (1998).