Soft-tissue sarcoma in adults: An update on the current state of histiotype-specific management in an era of personalized medicine.
advanced soft-tissue sarcoma
extremity sarcoma
retroperitoneal sarcoma
soft-tissue sarcoma
Journal
CA: a cancer journal for clinicians
ISSN: 1542-4863
Titre abrégé: CA Cancer J Clin
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0370647
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 2020
05 2020
Historique:
received:
12
01
2020
revised:
11
02
2020
accepted:
12
02
2020
pubmed:
11
4
2020
medline:
9
9
2020
entrez:
11
4
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare tumors that account for 1% of all adult malignancies, with over 100 different histologic subtypes occurring predominately in the trunk, extremity, and retroperitoneum. This low incidence is further complicated by their variable presentation, behavior, and long-term outcomes, which emphasize the importance of centralized care in specialized centers with a multidisciplinary team approach. In the last decade, there has been an effort to improve the quality of care for patients with STS based on anatomic site and histology, and multiple ongoing clinical trials are focusing on tailoring therapy to histologic subtype. This report summarizes the latest evidence guiding the histiotype-specific management of extremity/truncal and retroperitoneal STS with regard to surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
200-229Informations de copyright
© 2020 American Cancer Society.
Références
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69:7-34.
Fletcher CDM, Bridge JA, Hogendoorn P, Mertens F, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. 4th ed. IARC WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 5. WHO Press; 2013.
Begg CB, Cramer LD, Hoskins WJ, Brennan MF. Impact of hospital volume on operative mortality for major cancer surgery. JAMA. 1998;280:1747-1751.
Kulkarni GS, Urbach DR, Austin PC, Fleshner NE, Laupacis A. Higher surgeon and hospital volume improves long-term survival after radical cystectomy. Cancer. 2013;119:3546-3554.
Abouassaly R, Finelli A, Tomlinson GA, Urbach DR, Alibhai SM. Volume-outcome relationships in the treatment of renal tumors. J Urol. 2012;187:1984-1988.
Keung EZ, Chiang YJ, Cormier JN, et al. Treatment at low-volume hospitals is associated with reduced short-term and long-term outcomes for patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma. Cancer. 2018;124:4495-4503.
Maurice MJ, Yih JM, Ammori JB, Abouassaly R. Predictors of surgical quality for retroperitoneal sarcoma: volume matters. J Surg Oncol. 2017;116:766-774.
Blay JY, Honore C, Stoeckle E, et al; NETSARC/REPPS/RESOS and French Sarcoma Group-Groupe d'Etude des Tumeurs Osseuses (GSF-GETO) Networks. Surgery in reference centers improves survival of sarcoma patients: a nationwide study. Ann Oncol. 2019;30:1143-1153.
Casali PG, Abecassis N, Aro HT, et al. Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(suppl 4):iv268-iv269.
Arbiser ZK, Folpe AL, Weiss SW. Consultative (expert) second opinions in soft tissue pathology. Analysis of problem-prone diagnostic situations. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;116:473-476.
Abarca T, Gao Y, Monga V, Tanas MR, Milhem MM, Miller BJ. Improved survival for extremity soft tissue sarcoma treated in high-volume facilities. J Surg Oncol. 2018;117:1479-1486.
Husain N, Verma N. Current concepts in pathology of soft tissue sarcoma. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2011;2:302-308.
Brennan MF, Antonescu CR, Moraco N, Singer S. Lessons learned from the study of 10,000 patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg. 2014;260:416-421; discussion 421-422.
Ladanyi M. Fusions of the SYT and SSX genes in synovial sarcoma. Oncogene. 2001;20:5755-5762.
Jain S, Xu R, Prieto VG, Lee P. Molecular classification of soft tissue sarcomas and its clinical applications. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2010;3:416-428.
Manoso MW, Frassica DA, Deune EG, Frassica FJ. Outcomes of re-excision after unplanned excisions of soft-tissue sarcomas. J Surg Oncol. 2005;91:153-158.
Rehders A, Stoecklein NH, Poremba C, Alexander A, Knoefel WT, Peiper M. Reexcision of soft tissue sarcoma: sufficient local control but increased rate of metastasis. World J Surg. 2009;33:2599-2605.
Zaidi MY, Ethun CG, Liu Y, et al. The impact of unplanned excisions of truncal/extremity soft tissue sarcomas: a multi-institutional propensity score analysis from the US Sarcoma Collaborative. J Surg Oncol. 2019;120:332-339.
Coindre JM, Terrier P, Guillou L, et al. Predictive value of grade for metastasis development in the main histologic types of adult soft tissue sarcomas: a study of 1240 patients from the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group. Cancer. 2001;91:1914-1926.
Trojani M, Contesso G, Coindre JM, et al. Soft-tissue sarcomas of adults; study of pathological prognostic variables and definition of a histopathological grading system. Int J Cancer. 1984;33:37-42.
Costa J, Wesley RA, Glatstein E, Rosenberg SA. The grading of soft tissue sarcomas. Results of a clinicohistopathologic correlation in a series of 163 cases. Cancer. 1984;53:530-541.
Hashimoto H, Daimaru Y, Takeshita S, Tsuneyoshi M, Enjoji M. Prognostic significance of histologic parameters of soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer. 1992;70:2816-2822.
Lewis JJ, Leung D, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF. Retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of 500 patients treated and followed at a single institution. Ann Surg. 1998;228:355-365.
Pisters PW, Leung DH, Woodruff J, Shi W, Brennan MF. Analysis of prognostic factors in 1,041 patients with localized soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1679-1689.
Lee YF, John M, Falconer A, et al. A gene expression signature associated with metastatic outcome in human leiomyosarcomas. Cancer Res. 2004;64:7201-7204.
Din OS, Woll PJ. Treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor: focus on imatinib mesylate. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4:149-162.
Lindberg RD, Martin RG, Romsdahl MM, Barkley HT Jr. Conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy in 300 adults with soft-tissue sarcomas. Cancer. 1981;47:2391-2397.
Markhede G, Angervall L, Stener B. A multivariate analysis of the prognosis after surgical treatment of malignant soft-tissue tumors. Cancer. 1982;49:1721-1733.
Mandard AM, Petiot JF, Marnay J, et al. Prognostic factors in soft tissue sarcomas. A multivariate analysis of 109 cases. Cancer. 1989;63:1437-1451.
Potter DA, Glenn J, Kinsella T, et al. Patterns of recurrence in patients with high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3:353-366.
Kattan MW, Leung DH, Brennan MF. Postoperative nomogram for 12-year sarcoma-specific death. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:791-796.
Mariani L, Miceli R, Kattan MW, et al. Validation and adaptation of a nomogram for predicting the survival of patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma using a three-grade system. Cancer. 2005;103:402-408.
Eilber FC, Brennan MF, Eilber FR, Dry SM, Singer S, Kattan MW. Validation of the postoperative nomogram for 12-year sarcoma-specific mortality. Cancer. 2004;101:2270-2275.
Eilber FC, Kattan MW. Sarcoma nomogram: validation and a model to evaluate impact of therapy. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205(4 suppl):S90-S95.
Kattan MW, Heller G, Brennan MF. A competing-risks nomogram for sarcoma-specific death following local recurrence. Stat Med. 2003;22:3515-3525.
Cahlon O, Brennan MF, Jia X, Qin LX, Singer S, Alektiar KM. A postoperative nomogram for local recurrence risk in extremity soft tissue sarcomas after limb-sparing surgery without adjuvant radiation. Ann Surg. 2012;255:343-347.
Callegaro D, Miceli R, Bonvalot S, et al. Development and external validation of two nomograms to predict overall survival and occurrence of distant metastases in adults after surgical resection of localised soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:671-680.
Anaya DA, Lahat G, Wang X, et al. Postoperative nomogram for survival of patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma treated with curative intent. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:397-402.
Ardoino I, Miceli R, Berselli M, et al. Histology-specific nomogram for primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2010;116:2429-2436.
Gronchi A, Miceli R, Shurell E, et al. Outcome prediction in primary resected retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma: histology-specific overall survival and disease-free survival nomograms built on major sarcoma center data sets. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1649-1655.
Tan MC, Brennan MF, Kuk D, et al. Histology-based classification predicts pattern of recurrence and improves risk stratification in primary retroperitoneal sarcoma. Ann Surg. 2016;263:593-600.
Callegaro D, Miceli R, Gronchi A. Sarcoma nomograms: a light over the darkness. Oncoscience. 2017;4:15-16.
Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. American Joint Committee on Cancer, Springer International Publishing; 2017.
Puri A, Gulia A. Management of extremity soft tissue sarcomas. Indian J Orthop. 2011;45:301-306.
Trovik C, Bauer HCF, Styring E, et al. The Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Central Register: 6,000 patients after 25 years of monitoring of referral and treatment of extremity and trunk wall soft-tissue sarcoma. Acta Orthop. 2017;88:341-347.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Version 2.2018. National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2018.
Byerly S, Chopra S, Nassif NA, et al. The role of margins in extremity soft tissue sarcoma. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113:333-338.
Stojadinovic A, Leung DH, Hoos A, Jaques DP, Lewis JJ, Brennan MF. Analysis of the prognostic significance of microscopic margins in 2,084 localized primary adult soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Surg. 2002;235:424-434.
Gronchi A, Casali PG, Mariani L, et al. Status of surgical margins and prognosis in adult soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities: a series of patients treated at a single institution. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:96-104.
McKee MD, Liu DF, Brooks JJ, Gibbs JF, Driscoll DL, Kraybill WG. The prognostic significance of margin width for extremity and trunk sarcoma. J Surg Oncol. 2004;85:68-76.
Biau DJ, Ferguson PC, Chung P, et al. Local recurrence of localized soft tissue sarcoma: a new look at old predictors. Cancer. 2012;118:5867-5877.
Rosenberg SA, Tepper J, Glatstein E, et al. The treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities: prospective randomized evaluations of (1) limb-sparing surgery plus radiation therapy compared with amputation and (2) the role of adjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg. 1982;196:305-315.
Pitcher ME, Ramanathan RC, Fish S, A’Hern R, Thomas JM. Outcome of treatment for limb and limb girdle sarcomas at the Royal Marsden Hospital. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26:548-551.
Stojadinovic A, Jaques DP, Leung DH, Healey JH, Brennan MF. Amputation for recurrent soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity: indications and outcome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:509-518.
Smolle MA, Tunn PU, Goldenitsch E, et al. The prognostic impact of unplanned excisions in a cohort of 728 soft tissue sarcoma patients: a multicentre study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24:1596-1605.
Chandrasekar CR, Wafa H, Grimer RJ, Carter SR, Tillman RM, Abudu A. The effect of an unplanned excision of a soft-tissue sarcoma on prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:203-208.
Pretell-Mazzini J, Barton MD Jr, Conway SA, Temple HT. Unplanned excision of soft-tissue sarcomas: current concepts for management and prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:597-603.
Traub F, Griffin AM, Wunder JS, Ferguson PC. Influence of unplanned excisions on the outcomes of patients with stage III extremity soft-tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2018;124:3868-3875.
Decanter G, Stoeckle E, Honore C, et al. Watch and wait approach for re-excision after unplanned yet macroscopically complete excision of extremity and superficial truncal soft tissue sarcoma is safe and does not affect metastatic risk or amputation rate. Ann Surg Oncol. 2019;26:3526-3534.
Pisters PW, Harrison LB, Leung DH, Woodruff JM, Casper ES, Brennan MF. Long-term results of a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant brachytherapy in soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:859-868.
Yang JC, Chang AE, Baker AR, et al. Randomized prospective study of the benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:197-203.
Cheng EY, Dusenbery KE, Winters MR, Thompson RC. Soft tissue sarcomas: preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 1996;61:90-99.
Wilson AN, Davis A, Bell RS, et al. Local control of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity: the experience of a multidisciplinary sarcoma group with definitive surgery and radiotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30:746-751.
O'Sullivan B, Davis AM, Turcotte R, et al. Preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in soft-tissue sarcoma of the limbs: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2235-2241.
Alektiar KM, Velasco J, Zelefsky MJ, Woodruff JM, Lewis JJ, Brennan MF. Adjuvant radiotherapy for margin-positive high-grade soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:1051-1058.
Jebsen NL, Trovik CS, Bauer HCF, et al. Radiotherapy to improve local control regardless of surgical margin and malignancy grade in extremity and trunk wall soft tissue sarcoma: a Scandinavian Sarcoma Group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71:1196-1203.
Gingrich AA, Bateni SB, Monjazeb AM, et al. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is associated with R0 resection and improved survival for patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma undergoing surgery: a National Cancer Database analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24:3252-3263.
Davis AM, O'Sullivan B, Turcotte R, et al. Late radiation morbidity following randomization to preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Radiother Oncol. 2005;75:48-53.
Alektiar KM, Brennan MF, Healey JH, Singer S. Impact of intensity-modulated radiation therapy on local control in primary soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3440-3444.
O'Sullivan B, Griffin AM, Dickie CI, et al. Phase 2 study of preoperative image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy to reduce wound and combined modality morbidities in lower extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2013;119:1878-1884.
Tran QN, Kim AC, Gottschalk AR, et al. Clinical outcomes of intraoperative radiation therapy for extremity sarcomas. Sarcoma. 2006;2006:91671.
Call JA, Stafford SL, Petersen IA, Haddock MG. Use of intraoperative radiotherapy for upper-extremity soft-tissue sarcomas: analysis of disease outcomes and toxicity. Am J Clin Oncol. 2014;37:81-85.
Dagan R, Indelicato DJ, McGee L, et al. The significance of a marginal excision after preoperative radiation therapy for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Cancer. 2012;118:3199-3207.
Gundle KR, Kafchinski L, Gupta S, et al. Analysis of margin classification systems for assessing the risk of local recurrence after soft tissue sarcoma resection. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:704-709.
Voss RK, Chiang Y-J, Torres KE, et al. Adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines is associated with improved survival for patients with stage 2a and stages 2b and 3 extremity and superficial trunk soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24:3271-3278.
Gortzak E, Azzarelli A, Buesa J, et al. A randomised phase II study on neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for ‘high-risk’ adult soft-tissue sarcoma. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:1096-1103.
Gronchi A, Ferrari S, Quagliuolo V, et al. Histotype-tailored neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus standard chemotherapy in patients with high-risk soft-tissue sarcomas (ISG-STS 1001): an international, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:812-822.
Grobmyer SR, Maki RG, Demetri GD, et al. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for primary high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:1667-1672.
Meric F, Hess KR, Varma DG, et al. Radiographic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a predictor of local control and survival in soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer. 2002;95:1120-1126.
Palassini E, Ferrari S, Verderio P, et al. Feasibility of preoperative chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in localized soft tissue sarcomas of limbs and superficial trunk in the Italian Sarcoma Group/Grupo Espanol de Investigacion en Sarcomas randomized clinical trial: three versus five cycles of full-dose epirubicin plus ifosfamide. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3628-3634.
Gronchi A, Verderio P, De Paoli A, et al. Quality of surgery and neoadjuvant combined therapy in the ISG-GEIS trial on soft tissue sarcomas of limbs and trunk wall. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:817-823.
Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration. Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma of adults: meta-analysis of individual data. Lancet. 1997;350:1647-1654.
Brodowicz T, Schwameis E, Widder J, et al. Intensified adjuvant IFADIC chemotherapy for adult soft tissue sarcoma: a prospective randomized feasibility trial. Sarcoma. 2000;4:151-160.
Frustaci S, Gherlinzoni F, De Paoli A, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for adult soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities and girdles: results of the Italian randomized cooperative trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1238-1247.
Frustaci S, De Paoli A, Bidoli E, et al. Ifosfamide in the adjuvant therapy of soft tissue sarcomas. Oncology. 2003;65(suppl 2):80-84.
Petrioli R, Coratti A, Correale P, et al. Adjuvant epirubicin with or without ifosfamide for adult soft-tissue sarcoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25:468-473.
Woll PJ, Reichardt P, Le Cesne A, et al; EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group and the NCIC Clinical Trials Group Sarcoma Disease Site Committee. Adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and lenograstim for resected soft-tissue sarcoma (EORTC 62931): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:1045-1054.
Pervaiz N, Colterjohn N, Farrokhyar F, Tozer R, Figueredo A, Ghert M. A systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of adjuvant chemotherapy for localized resectable soft-tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2008;113:573-581.
Pasquali S, Pizzamiglio S, Touati N, et al; EORTC-Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. The impact of chemotherapy on survival of patients with extremity and trunk wall soft tissue sarcoma: revisiting the results of the EORTC-STBSG 62931 randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 2019;109:51-60.
Callegaro D, Miceli R, Bonvalot S, et al. Impact of perioperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with primary extremity soft tissue sarcoma: retrospective analysis across major histological subtypes and major reference centres. Eur J Cancer. 2018;105:19-27.
Creech O Jr, Krementz ET, Ryan RF, Winblad NJ. Chemotherapy of cancer: regional perfusion utilizing an extracorporeal circuit. Ann Surg. 1958;148:616-632.
Grunhagen DJ, de Wilt JH, ten Hagen TL, Eggermont AM. Technology insight: utility of TNF-α-based isolated limb perfusion to avoid amputation of irresectable tumors of the extremities. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2006;3:94-103.
Bonvalot S, Laplanche A, Lejeune F, et al. Limb salvage with isolated perfusion for soft tissue sarcoma: could less TNF-α be better? Ann Oncol. 2005;16:1061-1068.
Neuwirth MG, Song Y, Sinnamon AJ, Fraker DL, Zager JS, Karakousis GC. Isolated limb perfusion and infusion for extremity soft tissue sarcoma: a contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24:3803-3810.
Widemann BC, Italiano A. Biology and management of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: state of the art and perspectives. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:160-167.
Zaidi MY, Ethun CG, Tran TB, et al. Assessing the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in primary high-risk truncal/extremity soft tissue sarcomas: an analysis of the multi-institutional US Sarcoma Collaborative. Ann Surg Oncol. 2019;26:3542-3549.
Stacchiotti S, Verderio P, Messina A, et al. Tumor response assessment by modified Choi criteria in localized high-risk soft tissue sarcoma treated with chemotherapy. Cancer. 2012;118:5857-5866.
Crago AM, Brennan MF. Principles in management of soft tissue sarcoma. Adv Surg. 2015;49:107-122.
Crago AM, Dickson MA. Liposarcoma: multimodality management and future targeted therapies. Surg Oncol Clin North Am. 2016;25:761-773.
Vos M, Koseła-Paterczyk H, Rutkowski P, et al. Differences in recurrence and survival of extremity liposarcoma subtypes. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;44:1391-1397.
Brennan MF, Antonescu CR, Maki RG. Management of Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Springer; 2012.
Jones RL, Fisher C, Al-Muderis O, Judson IR. Differential sensitivity of liposarcoma subtypes to chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2006;41:2853-2860.
Hoffman A, Ghadimi MP, Demicco EG, et al. Localized and metastatic myxoid/round cell liposarcoma. Cancer. 2013;119:1868-1877.
Nishida Y, Tsukushi S, Nakashima H, Ishiguro N. Clinicopathologic prognostic factors of pure myxoid liposarcoma of the extremities and trunk wall. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:3041-3046.
Fiore M, Grosso F, Lo Vullo S, et al. Myxoid/round cell and pleomorphic liposarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109:2522-2531.
Schwab JH, Boland P, Guo T, et al. Skeletal metastases in myxoid liposarcoma: an unusual pattern of distant spread. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:1507-1514.
Nielsen OS, Dombernowsky P, Mouridsen H, et al. Epirubicin is not superior to doxorubicin in the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcomas. The experience of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Sarcoma. 2000;4:31-35.
Eilber FC, Eilber FR, Eckardt J, et al. The impact of chemotherapy on the survival of patients with high-grade primary extremity liposarcoma. Ann Surg. 2004;240:686-697.
Oliveira AM, Nascimento AG. Pleomorphic liposarcoma. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2001;18:274-285.
Azumi N, Curtis J, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR. Atypical and malignant neoplasms showing lipomatous differentiation. A study of 111 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11:161-183.
Ghadimi MP, Liu P, Peng T, et al. Pleomorphic liposarcoma: clinical observations and molecular variables. Cancer. 2011;117:5359-5369.
Abraham JA, Weaver MJ, Hornick JL, Zurakowski D, Ready JE. Outcomes and prognostic factors for a consecutive case series of 115 patients with somatic leiomyosarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:736-744.
Gladdy RA, Qin LX, Moraco N, Agaram NP, Brennan MF, Singer S. Predictors of survival and recurrence in primary leiomyosarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:1851-1857.
Massi D, Beltrami G, Mela MM, Pertici M, Capanna R, Franchi A. Prognostic factors in soft tissue leiomyosarcoma of the extremities: a retrospective analysis of 42 cases. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30:565-572.
Zer A, Prince RM, Amir E, Abdul Razak A. Evolution of randomized trials in advanced/metastatic soft tissue sarcoma: end point selection, surrogacy, and quality of reporting. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1469-1475.
Yen CC, Chen TW. Next frontiers in systemic therapy for soft tissue sarcoma. Chin Clin Oncol. 2018;7:43.
Wang J, Grignol VP, Gronchi A, Luo CH, Pollock RE, Tseng WW. Surgical management of retroperitoneal sarcoma and opportunities for global collaboration. Chin Clin Oncol. 2018;7:39.
Gronchi A, Strauss DC, Miceli R, et al. Variability in patterns of recurrence after resection of primary retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS): a report on 1007 patients from the Multi-institutional Collaborative RPS Working Group. Ann Surg. 2016;263:1002-1009.
Anaya DA, Lev DC, Pollock RE. The role of surgical margin status in retroperitoneal sarcoma. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98:607-610.
Bremjit PJ, Jones RL, Chai X, et al. A contemporary large single-institution evaluation of resected retroperitoneal sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;21:2150-2158.
Bevilacqua RG, Rogatko A, Hajdu SI, Brennan MF. Prognostic factors in primary retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcomas. Arch Surg. 1991;126:328-334.
Bonvalot S, Rivoire M, Castaing M, et al. Primary retroperitoneal sarcomas: a multivariate analysis of surgical factors associated with local control. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:31-37.
Stahl JM, Corso CD, Park HS, et al. The effect of microscopic margin status on survival in adult retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2017;43:168-174.
Gronchi A, Lo Vullo S, Fiore M, et al. Aggressive surgical policies in a retrospectively reviewed single-institution case series of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma patients. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:24-30.
Gronchi A, Miceli R, Colombo C, et al. Frontline extended surgery is associated with improved survival in retroperitoneal low- to intermediate-grade soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1067-1073.
Judge SJ, Lata-Arias K, Yanagisawa M, et al. Morbidity, mortality and temporal trends in the surgical management of retroperitoneal sarcoma: an ACS-NSQIP follow up analysis. J Surg Oncol. 2019;120:753-760.
Raut CP, Swallow CJ. Are radical compartmental resections for retroperitoneal sarcomas justified? Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17:1481-1484.
Dingley B, Fiore M, Gronchi A. Personalizing surgical margins in retroperitoneal sarcomas: an update. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2019;19:613-631.
Kirane A, Crago AM. The importance of surgical margins in retroperitoneal sarcoma. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113:270-276.
Singer S, Antonescu CR, Riedel E, Brennan MF. Histologic subtype and margin of resection predict pattern of recurrence and survival for retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Ann Surg. 2003;238:358-370; discussion 370-371.
Stoeckle E, Coindre JM, Bonvalot S, et al. Prognostic factors in retroperitoneal sarcoma: a multivariate analysis of a series of 165 patients of the French Cancer Center Federation Sarcoma Group. Cancer. 2001;92:359-368.
Trans-Atlantic RPS Working Group. Management of recurrent retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) in the adult: a consensus approach from the Trans-Atlantic RPS Working Group. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:3531-3540.
van Dalen T, Hoekstra HJ, van Geel AN, et al. Locoregional recurrence of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma: second chance of cure for selected patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001;27:564-568.
Neuhaus SJ, Barry P, Clark MA, Hayes AJ, Fisher C, Thomas JM. Surgical management of primary and recurrent retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Br J Surg. 2005;92:246-252.
Lochan R, French JJ, Manas DM. Surgery for retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas: aggressive re-resection of recurrent disease is possible. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011;93:39-43.
Gronchi A, Casali PG, Fiore M, et al. Retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas: patterns of recurrence in 167 patients treated at a single institution. Cancer. 2004;100:2448-2455.
Bonvalot S, Gronchi A, Le Pechoux C, et al. STRASS (EORTC 62092): a phase III randomized study of preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15 suppl):11001.
Le Pechoux C, Musat E, Baey C, et al. Should adjuvant radiotherapy be administered in addition to front-line aggressive surgery (FAS) in patients with primary retroperitoneal sarcoma? Ann Oncol. 2013;24:832-837.
van Doorn RC, Gallee MP, Hart AA, et al. Resectable retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas. The effect of extent of resection and postoperative radiation therapy on local tumor control. Cancer. 1994;73:637-642.
Lane WO, Cramer CK, Nussbaum DP, et al. Analysis of perioperative radiation therapy in the surgical treatment of primary and recurrent retroperitoneal sarcoma. J Surg Oncol. 2015;112:352-358.
Nussbaum DP, Rushing CN, Lane WO, et al. Preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for retroperitoneal sarcoma: a case-control, propensity score-matched analysis of a nationwide clinical oncology database. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:966-975.
Haas RLM, Bonvalot S, Miceli R, et al. Radiotherapy for retroperitoneal liposarcoma: a report from the Transatlantic Retroperitoneal Sarcoma Working Group. Cancer. 2019;125:1290-1300.
Cheng H, Miura JT, Lalehzari M, et al. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma: a systematic review. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113:628-634.
Delaney TF, Kepka L, Goldberg SI, et al. Radiation therapy for control of soft-tissue sarcomas resected with positive margins. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:1460-1469.
Choi AH, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Kim JA. Effect of radiation therapy on survival in surgically resected retroperitoneal sarcoma: a propensity score-adjusted SEER analysis. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:2449-2457.
Albertsmeier M, Rauch A, Roeder F, et al. External beam radiation therapy for resectable soft tissue sarcoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:754-767.
Almond LM, Gronchi A, Strauss D, Jafri M, Ford S, Desai A. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies in retroperitoneal sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018;44:571-579.
Mullinax JE, Zager JS, Gonzalez RJ. Current diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal sarcoma. Cancer Control. 2011;18:177-187.
Issels RD, Lindner LH, Verweij J, et al. Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus regional hyperthermia on long-term outcomes among patients with localized high-risk soft tissue sarcoma: the EORTC 62961-ESHO 95 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:483-492.
Wendtner CM, Abdel-Rahman S, Krych M, et al. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with regional hyperthermia predicts long-term survival for adult patients with retroperitoneal and visceral high-risk soft tissue sarcomas. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3156-3164.
Meric F, Milas M, Hunt KK, et al. Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on postoperative morbidity in soft tissue sarcomas. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3378-3383.
Miura JT, Charlson J, Gamblin TC, et al. Impact of chemotherapy on survival in surgically resected retroperitoneal sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015;41:1386-1392.
Pisters PW, Ballo MT, Fenstermacher MJ, et al. Phase I trial of preoperative concurrent doxorubicin and radiation therapy, surgical resection, and intraoperative electron-beam radiation therapy for patients with localized retroperitoneal sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3092-3097.
Crago AM, Singer S. Clinical and molecular approaches to well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2011;23:373-378.
Thway K. Well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma: an updated review. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2019;36:112-121.
Ikoma N, Roland CL, Torres KE, et al. Salvage surgery for recurrent retroperitoneal well-differentiated liposarcoma: early reoperation may not provide benefit. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:2193-2200.
Park JO, Qin LX, Prete FP, Antonescu C, Brennan MF, Singer S. Predicting outcome by growth rate of locally recurrent retroperitoneal liposarcoma: the one centimeter per month rule. Ann Surg. 2009;250:977-982.
Raut CP, Callegaro D, Miceli R, et al. Predicting survival in patients undergoing resection for locally recurrent retroperitoneal sarcoma: a study and novel nomogram from TARPSWG. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:2664-2671.
George S, Serrano C, Hensley ML, Ray-Coquard I. Soft tissue and uterine leiomyosarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:144-150.
Serrano C, George S. Leiomyosarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2013;27:957-974.
Ikoma N, Torres KE, Lin HY, et al. Recurrence patterns of retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma and impact of salvage surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2017;116:313-319.
Davanzo B, Emerson RE, Lisy M, Koniaris LG, Kays JK. Solitary fibrous tumor. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3:94.
Gholami S, Cassidy MR, Kirane A, et al. Size and location are the most important risk factors for malignant behavior in resected solitary fibrous tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24:3865-3871.
Rajeev R, Patel M, Jayakrishnan TT, et al. Retroperitoneal solitary fibrous tumor: surgery as first line therapy. Clin Sarcoma Res. 2015;5:19.
Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB, et al. The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more “personalized” approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:93-99.
Rehders A, Hosch SB, Scheunemann P, Stoecklein NH, Knoefel WT, Peiper M. Benefit of surgical treatment of lung metastasis in soft tissue sarcoma. Arch Surg. 2007;142:70-75; discussion 76.
Casson AG, Putnam JB, Natarajan G, et al. Five-year survival after pulmonary metastasectomy for adult soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 1992;69:662-668.
Feig BW, Ching CD, eds. The M.D. Anderson Surgical Oncology Handbook. 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2012.
Cariboni U, De Sanctis R, Giaretta M, et al. Survival outcome and prognostic factors after pulmonary metastasectomy in sarcoma patients: a 18-year experience at a single high-volume referral center. Am J Clin Oncol. 2019;42:6-11.
Billingsley KG, Burt ME, Jara E, et al. Pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcoma: analysis of patterns of diseases and postmetastasis survival. Ann Surg. 1999;229:602-610; discussion 610-162.
Garcia Franco CE, Algarra SM, Ezcurra AT, et al. Long-term results after resection for soft tissue sarcoma pulmonary metastases. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:223-226.
Pastorino U, Buyse M, Friedel G, et al. Long-term results of lung metastasectomy: prognostic analyses based on 5206 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:37-49.
Jablons D, Steinberg SM, Roth J, Pittaluga S, Rosenberg SA, Pass HI. Metastasectomy for soft tissue sarcoma. Further evidence for efficacy and prognostic indicators. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;97:695-705.
Gadd MA, Casper ES, Woodruff JM, McCormack PM, Brennan MF. Development and treatment of pulmonary metastases in adult patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg. 1993;218:705-712.
Verazin GT, Warneke JA, Driscoll DL, Karakousis C, Petrelli NJ, Takita H. Resection of lung metastases from soft-tissue sarcomas. A multivariate analysis. Arch Surg. 1992;127:1407-1411.
Roth JA, Putnam JB Jr, Wesley MN, Rosenberg SA. Differing determinants of prognosis following resection of pulmonary metastases from osteogenic and soft tissue sarcoma patients. Cancer. 1985;55:1361-1366.
Mentzer SJ, Antman KH, Attinger C, Shemin R, Corson JM, Sugarbaker DJ. Selected benefits of thoracotomy and chemotherapy for sarcoma metastatic to the lung. J Surg Oncol. 1993;53:54-59.
Saltzman DA, Snyder CL, Ferrell KL, Thompson RC, Leonard AS. Aggressive metastasectomy for pulmonic sarcomatous metastases: a follow-up study. Am J Surg. 1993;166:543-547.
Choong PF, Pritchard DJ, Rock MG, Sim FH, Frassica FJ. Survival after pulmonary metastasectomy in soft tissue sarcoma. Prognostic factors in 214 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1995;66:561-568.
Nakamura T, Matsumine A, Yamakado K, et al. Lung radiofrequency ablation in patients with pulmonary metastases from musculoskeletal sarcomas [corrected]. Cancer. 2009;115:3774-3781.
Navarria P, Ascolese AM, Cozzi L, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung metastases from soft tissue sarcoma. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51:668-674.
Dhakal S, Corbin KS, Milano MT, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for pulmonary metastases from soft-tissue sarcomas: excellent local lesion control and improved patient survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82:940-945.
Linch M, Miah AB, Thway K, Judson JR, Benson C. Systemic treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma-gold standard and novel therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11:187-202.
Bramwell VH, Anderson D, Charette ML. Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for the palliative treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma: a meta-analysis and clinical practice guideline. Sarcoma. 2000;4:103-112.
Judson I, Verweij J, Gelderblom H, et al. Doxorubicin alone versus intensified doxorubicin plus ifosfamide for first-line treatment of advanced or metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:415-423.
Bramwell VH, Anderson D, Charette ML; Sarcoma Disease Site Group. Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for the palliative treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;3:CD003293.
Hensley ML, Blessing JA, Degeest K, Abulafia O, Rose PG, Homesley HD. Fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel as second-line therapy for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II study. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;109:323-328.
Casper ES, Waltzman RJ, Schwartz GK, et al. Phase II trial of paclitaxel in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. Cancer Invest. 1998;16:442-446.
Mir O, Domont J, Cioffi A, et al. Feasibility of metronomic oral cyclophosphamide plus prednisolone in elderly patients with inoperable or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:515-519.
Sharma S, Takyar S, Manson SC, Powell S, Penel N. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions in second- or later-line treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a systematic review. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:385.
Maki RG, Wathen JK, Patel SR, et al. Randomized phase II study of gemcitabine and docetaxel compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with metastatic soft tissue sarcomas: results of sarcoma alliance for research through collaboration study 002 [corrected]. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2755-2763.
Svancarova L, Blay JY, Judson IR, et al. Gemcitabine in advanced adult soft-tissue sarcomas. A phase II study of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38:556-559.
Garcia-Del-Muro X, Lopez-Pousa A, Maurel J, et al. Randomized phase II study comparing gemcitabine plus dacarbazine versus dacarbazine alone in patients with previously treated soft tissue sarcoma: a Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2528-2533.
Buesa JM, Mouridsen HT, van Oosterom AT, et al. High-dose DTIC in advanced soft-tissue sarcomas in the adult. A phase II study of the E.O.R.T.C. Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Ann Oncol. 1991;2:307-309.
Schoffski P, Chawla S, Maki RG, et al. Eribulin versus dacarbazine in previously treated patients with advanced liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma: a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1629-1637.
van der Graaf WT, Blay JY, Chawla SP, et al. Pazopanib for metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma (PALETTE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;379:1879-1886.
Dileo P, Morgan JA, Zahrieh D, et al. Gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas: results of a phase II trial. Cancer. 2007;109:1863-1869.
Seddon B, Strauss SJ, Whelan J, et al. Gemcitabine and docetaxel versus doxorubicin as first-line treatment in previously untreated advanced unresectable or metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas (GeDDiS): a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1397-1410.
Gupta AA, Yao X, Verma S, Mackay H, Hopkins L. Chemotherapy (gemcitabine, docetaxel plus gemcitabine, doxorubicin, or trabectedin) in inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: a clinical practice guideline. Curr Oncol. 2013;20:e448-e454.
Demetri GD, Chawla SP, von Mehren M, et al. Efficacy and safety of trabectedin in patients with advanced or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma after failure of prior anthracyclines and ifosfamide: results of a randomized phase II study of two different schedules. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4188-4196.
Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Jones RL, et al. Efficacy and safety of trabectedin or dacarbazine for metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma after failure of conventional chemotherapy: results of a phase III randomized multicenter clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:786-793.
Young RJ, Litiere S, Lia M, et al. Predictive and prognostic factors associated with soft tissue sarcoma response to chemotherapy: a subgroup analysis of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 62012 study. Acta Oncol. 2017;56:1-8.
Patel SR, Burgess MA, Plager C, Papadopoulos NE, Linke KA, Benjamin RS. Myxoid liposarcoma. Experience with chemotherapy. Cancer. 1994;74:1265-1269.
Trautmann M, Menzel J, Bertling C, et al. FUS-DDIT3 fusion protein-driven IGF-IR signaling is a therapeutic target in myxoid liposarcoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:6227-6238.
Grosso F, Jones RL, Demetri GD, et al. Efficacy of trabectedin (ecteinascidin-743) in advanced pretreated myxoid liposarcomas: a retrospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:595-602.
Le Cesne A, Blay JY, Domont J, et al. Interruption versus continuation of trabectedin in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma (T-DIS): a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:312-319.
von Mehren M, Rankin C, Goldblum JR, et al. Phase 2 Southwest Oncology Group-directed intergroup trial (S0505) of sorafenib in advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer. 2012;118:770-776.
Oosten AW, Seynaeve C, Schmitz PIM, den Bakker MA, Verweij J, Sleifer S. Outcomes of first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic leiomyosarcoma of uterine and non-uterine origin. Sarcoma. 2009;2009:348910.
Talbot SM, Keohan ML, Hesdorffer M, et al. A phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with unresectable or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2003;98:1942-1946.
D'Ambrosio L, Touati N, Blay JY, et al. Doxorubicin plus dacarbazine (DoDa), doxorubicin plus ifosfamide (DI) or doxorubicin alone (Do) as first line treatment for advanced leiomyosarcoma (LMS): a retrospective study from the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group (STBSG) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15 suppl):11574.
Le Cesne A, Blay JY, Judson I, et al. Phase II study of ET-743 in advanced soft tissue sarcomas: a European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:576-584.
Look KY, Sandler A, Blessing JA, Lucci JA 3rd, Rose PG; Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Study. Phase II trial of gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy of uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:644-647.
Anderson S, Aghajanian C. Temozolomide in uterine leiomyosarcomas. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;98:99-103.
Sutton G, Blessing J, Hanjani P, Kramer P; Gynecologic Oncology Group. Phase II evaluation of liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in recurrent or advanced leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96:749-752.
Reichardt P. Soft tissue sarcomas, a look into the future: different treatments for different subtypes. Future Oncol. 2014;10(8 suppl):s19-s27.
Vlenterie M, Litiere S, Rizzo E, et al. Outcome of chemotherapy in advanced synovial sarcoma patients: review of 15 clinical trials from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group; setting a new landmark for studies in this entity. Eur J Cancer. 2016;58:62-72.
Schoffski P, Ray-Coquard IL, Cioffi A, et al. Activity of eribulin mesylate in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma: a phase 2 study in four independent histological subtypes. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:1045-1052.
Takahashi R, Ishibashi Y, Hiraoka K, et al. Phase II study of personalized peptide vaccination for refractory bone and soft tissue sarcoma patients. Cancer Sci. 2013;104:1285-1294.
Turc-Carel C, Limon J, Dal Cin P, Rao U, Karakousis C, Sandberg AA. Cytogenetic studies of adipose tissue tumors. II. Recurrent reciprocal translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) in myxoid liposarcomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1986;23:291-299.
Clark MA, Fisher C, Judson I, Thomas JM. Soft-tissue sarcomas in adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:701-711.
Robbins PF, Kassim SH, Tran TLN, et al. A pilot trial using lymphocytes genetically engineered with an NY-ESO-1-reactive T-cell receptor: long-term follow-up and correlates with response. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:1019-1027.
Maki RG, Jungbluth AA, Gnjatic S, et al. A pilot study of anti-CTLA4 antibody ipilimumab in patients with synovial sarcoma. Sarcoma. 2013;2013:168145.
Nowicki TS, Akiyama R, Huang RR, et al. Infiltration of CD8 T cells and expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in synovial sarcoma. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017;5:118-126.
Ben-Ami E, Barysauskas CM, Solomon S, et al. Immunotherapy with single agent nivolumab for advanced leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: results of a phase 2 study. Cancer. 2017;123:3285-3290.
D'Angelo SP, Mahoney MR, Van Tine BA, et al. Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab treatment for metastatic sarcoma (Alliance A091401): two open-label, non-comparative, randomised, phase 2 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:416-426.
Tawbi HA, Burgess M, Bolejack V, et al. Pembrolizumab in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma (SARC028): a multicentre, two-cohort, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1493-1501.
D'Angelo SP. Manipulating the immune system with checkpoint inhibitors for patients with metastatic sarcoma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2016;35:e558-e564.
Fiore M, MacNeill A, Gronchi A, Colombo C. Desmoid-type fibromatosis: evolving treatment standards. Surg Oncol Clin North Am. 2016;25:803-826.
Domont J, Benard J, Lacroix L, et al. Detection of β-catenin mutations in primary extra-abdominal fibromatosis (EAF): an ancillary diagnostic tool [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15 suppl):10518.
Gurbuz AK, Giardiello FM, Petersen GM, et al. Desmoid tumours in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut. 1994;35:377-381.
Nieuwenhuis MH, Casparie M, Mathus-Vliegen LM, Dekkers OM, Hogendoorn PC, Vasen HF. A nation-wide study comparing sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis-related desmoid-type fibromatoses. Int J Cancer. 2011;129:256-261.
Nakayama T, Tsuboyama T, Toguchida J, Hosaka T, Nakamura T. Natural course of desmoid-type fibromatosis. J Orthop Sci. 2008;13:51-55.
Salas S, Dufresne A, Bui B, et al. Prognostic factors influencing progression-free survival determined from a series of sporadic desmoid tumors: a wait-and-see policy according to tumor presentation. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3553-3558.
Bonvalot S, Ternes N, Fiore M, et al. Spontaneous regression of primary abdominal wall desmoid tumors: more common than previously thought. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:4096-4102.
Colombo C, Miceli R, Le Pechoux C, et al. Sporadic extra abdominal wall desmoid-type fibromatosis: surgical resection can be safely limited to a minority of patients. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51:186-192.
Lev D, Kotilingam D, Wei C, et al. Optimizing treatment of desmoid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1785-1791.
Crago AM, Denton B, Salas S, et al. A prognostic nomogram for prediction of recurrence in desmoid fibromatosis. Ann Surg. 2013;258:347-353.
Cates JM, Stricker TP. Surgical resection margins in desmoid-type fibromatosis: a critical reassessment. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38:1707-1714.
Merchant NB, Lewis JJ, Woodruff JM, Leung DH, Brennan MF. Extremity and trunk desmoid tumors: a multifactorial analysis of outcome. Cancer. 1999;86:2045-2052.
The Desmoid Tumor Working Group. The management of desmoid tumours: a joint global consensus-based guideline approach for adult and paediatric patients. Eur J Cancer. 2020;127:96-107.
Nishida Y, Tsukushi S, Shido Y, Wassa J, Ishiguro N, Yamada Y. Successful treatment with meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, of patients with extra-abdominal desmoid tumors: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:e107-e109.
Brooks MD, Ebbs SR, Colletta AA, et al. Desmoid tumours treated with triphenylethylenes. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28a:1014-1018.
Heinrich MC, McArthur GA, Demetri GD, et al. Clinical and molecular studies of the effect of imatinib on advanced aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor). J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1195-1203.
Chugh R, Wathen JK, Patel SR, et al; Sarcoma Alliance for Research through Collaboration (SARC). Efficacy of imatinib in aggressive fibromatosis: results of a phase II multicenter Sarcoma Alliance for Research through Collaboration (SARC) trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:4884-4891.
Jo JC, Hong YS, Kim KP, et al. A prospective multicenter phase II study of sunitinib in patients with advanced aggressive fibromatosis. Invest New Drugs. 2014;32:369-376.
Kasper B, Baumgarten C, Garcia J, et al; Desmoid Working Group. An update on the management of sporadic desmoid-type fibromatosis: a European Consensus Initiative between Sarcoma PAtients EuroNet (SPAEN) and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group (STBSG). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:2399-2408.
Gounder MM, Mahoney MR, Van Tine BA, et al. Sorafenib for advanced and refractory desmoid tumors. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2417-2428.
Kurtz JE, Buy X, Sauleau EA, et al. 1668O-CRYODESMO-O1: a French nationwide phase II study on cryoablation in progressing desmoid tumour (DT) patients (pts) [abstract]. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(suppl 5):v683.
Hosalkar H, Fox E, Delaney T, Torbert JT, Ogilvie CM, Lackman RD. Desmoid tumors and current status of management. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006;37:53-63.
Keus RB, Nout RA, Blay JY, et al. Results of a phase II pilot study of moderate dose radiotherapy for inoperable desmoid-type fibromatosis-an EORTC STBSG and ROG study (EORTC 62991-22998). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:2672-2676.
Huth JF, Eilber FR. Patterns of metastatic spread following resection of extremity soft-tissue sarcomas and strategies for treatment. Semin Surg Oncol. 1988;4:20-26.
Eilber FC, Rosen G, Nelson SD, et al. High-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas: factors predictive of local recurrence and its effect on morbidity and mortality. Ann Surg. 2003;237:218-226.
Zagars GK, Ballo MT, Pisters PW, Pollock RE, Patel SR, Benjamin RS. Prognostic factors for disease-specific survival after first relapse of soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of 402 patients with disease relapse after initial conservative surgery and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:739-747.
Daigeler A, Zmarsly I, Hirsch T, et al. Long-term outcome after local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of factors predictive of survival in 135 patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma. Br J Cancer. 2014;110:1456-1464.
Gamboa AC, Ethun CG, Switchenko JM, et al. Lung surveillance strategy for high-grade soft tissue sarcomas: chest x-ray or CT scan? J Am Coll Surg. 2019;229:449-457.
Chou YS, Liu CY, Chen WM, et al. Follow-up after primary treatment of soft tissue sarcoma of extremities: impact of frequency of follow-up imaging on disease-specific survival. J Surg Oncol. 2012;106:155-161.
Li H, Meng QH, Noh H, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells from cryopreserved human sarcoma peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cancer Lett. 2017;403:216-223.
Pennacchioli E, Tosti G, Barberis M, et al. Sarcoma spreads primarily through the vascular system: are there biomarkers associated with vascular spread? Clin Exp Metastasis. 2012;29:757-773.