Training fish for restocking: refuge and predator training in the hatchery has limited benefits for a marine fish.
cues, hatchery, predator, prey, refuge, survival
Journal
Journal of fish biology
ISSN: 1095-8649
Titre abrégé: J Fish Biol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0214055
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jul 2020
Jul 2020
Historique:
received:
21
12
2019
revised:
06
03
2020
accepted:
08
04
2020
pubmed:
12
4
2020
medline:
15
12
2020
entrez:
12
4
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Large numbers of hatchery-reared fish are released in stocking programmes; however, success is limited by high mortality. Predation is seen as the main cause of deaths but might be reduced by training fish before release to avoid predators and/or use refuge. In this study on a potential restocking species, yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis, the effects of predator training and refuge on the behaviour of fish in the hatchery were tested. In the first experiment, juvenile bream were exposed to predatory mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) fed exclusively on bream flesh while housed in tanks with and without refuge. Predator training altered fish behaviour when fish were re-exposed to predators, but the effects were subtle and varied between groups of fish. In contrast, refuge created strong and consistent changes in behaviour, significantly slowing down the amount of time that fish took to consume food. A second experiment focused on the effects of refuge. Bream were trained to use artificial seagrass or house bricks as refuge and then exposed to mangrove jacks in a laboratory predation experiment. When refuge was available, fish significantly slowed down their feeding rate. There was a small, transient increase in survival for fish given seagrass refuges, but this was irrespective of whether the bream were trained to use refuge. The results of this study indicate that the use of refuge may be innate and the benefits of refuge may be available to naive hatchery-reared fish or fish trained to use refuge shortly before release. This suggests that there is potential to improve post-release survival of fingerlings without time-consuming and expensive hatchery training.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
172-182Subventions
Organisme : NSW Recreational Fishing Trust
Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
Références
Adams, A. J., Locascio, J. V., & Robbins, B. D. (2004). Microhabitat use by a post-settlement stage estuarine fish: Evidence from relative abundance and predation among habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 299(1), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.08.013.
Alvarez, D., & Nicieza, A. G. (2003). Predator avoidance behaviour in wild and hatchery-reared brown trout: The role of experience and domestication. Journal of Fish Biology, 63(6), 1565-1577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00267.x.
Amo, L., López, A., & Martín, J. (2007). Refuge use: A conflict between avoiding predation and losing mass in lizards. Physiological Behaviour, 90(2-3), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.035.
Anderson, M. J. (2001). A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology, 26(1), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x.
Bell, J. D., Leber, K. M., Blankenship, H. L., Loneragan, N. R., & Masuda, R. (2008). A new era for restocking, stock enhancement and sea ranching of coastal fisheries resources. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260701776951.
Berejikian, B. A. (1995). The effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and experience on the relative ability of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to avoid a benthic predator. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52(11), 2476-2482. https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-838.
Berejikian, B. A., Smith, R. J. F., Tezak, E. P., Schroder, S. L., & Knudsen, C. M. (1999). Chemical alarm signals and complex hatchery rearing habitats affect antipredator behaviour and survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56(5), 830-838. https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-010.
Berejikian, B. A., Tezak, E. P., Flagg, T. A., La Rae, A. L., Kummerow, E., & Mahnken, C. V. W. (2011). Social dominance, growth, and habitat use of age-0 steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) grown in enriched and conventional hatchery rearing environments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57(3), 628-636. https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-288.
Bostock, J., McAndrew, B., Richards, R., Jauncey, K., Telfer, T., Lorenzen, K., … Gatward, I. (2010). Aquaculture: Global status and trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1554), 2897-2912. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0170.
Brown, C., & Day, R. L. (2002). The future of stock enhancements: Lessons for hatchery practice from conservation biology. Fish and Fisheries, 3(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2002.00077.x.
Brown, C., & Laland, K. (2001). Social learning and life skills training for hatchery reared fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 59(3), 471-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02354.x.
Brown, C., & Laland, K. N. (2003). Social learning in fishes: A review. Fish and Fisheries, 4(3), 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00122.x.
Brown, G. E., & Godin, J.-G. J. (1999). Who dares, learns: Chemical inspection behaviour and acquired predator recognition in a characin fish. Animal Behaviour, 57(2), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.1017.
Brown, G. E., & Smith, R. J. F. (1998). Acquired predator recognition in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Conditioning hatchery-reared fish to recognize chemical cues of a predator. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 55(3), 611-617. https://doi.org/10.1139/f97-261.
Chatain, B. (1994). Abnormal swim bladder development and lordosis in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus auratus). Aquaculture, 119(4), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90301-8.
Chivers, D. P., & Smith, R. J. F. (1998). Chemical alarm signalling in aquatic predator-prey systems: A review and prospectus. Ecoscience, 5(3), 338-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1998.11682471.
Cowden, K. L. (1995). Induced spawning and culture of yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Günther, 1859) and mangrove jack, (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) (Forsskål, 1775). PhD thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
Crook, D. A., O'Mahony, D. J., Gillanders, B. M., Munro, A. R., Sanger, A. C., Thurstan, S., & Baumgartner, L. J. (2015). Contribution of stocked fish to riverine populations of golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) in the Murray-Darling basin, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 67(10), 1401-1409. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15037.
Ferrari, M. C. O., Brown, M. R., Pollock, M. S., & Chivers, D. P. (2007). The paradox of risk assessment: Comparing responses of fathead minnows to capture-released and diet-released alarm cues from two different predators. Chemoecology, 17(3), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.016.
Ferrari, M. C. O., & Chivers, D. P. (2006). Learning threat-sensitive predator avoidance: How do fathead minnows incorporate conflicting information? Animal Behaviour, 71(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.016.
Finstad, A. G., Einum, S., Forseth, T., & Ugedal, G. (2007). Shelter availability affects behaviour, size-dependent and mean growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Freshwater Biology, 52, 1710-1718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01799.x.
FitzGibbon, C. D. (1994). The costs and benefits of predator inspection behaviour in Thomson's gazelles. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 34(2), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00164184.
Gagnon, K., Gräfnings, M., & Boström, C. (2019). Trophic role of the mesopredatory three-spined stickleback in habitats of varying complexity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 510, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2018.10.003.
Godin, J.-G. J., & Davis, S. A. (1995). Who dares, benefits: Predator approach behaviour in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) deters predator pursuit. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 259(1355), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1995.0028.
Griffin, A. S., Blumstein, D. T., & Evans, C. S. (2000). Training captive-bred or translocated animals to avoid predators. Conservation Biology, 14(5), 1317-1326. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99326.x.
Hall, D., & Suboski, M. (1995). Sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning of alarm reactions in zebra danio fish (Brachydanio rerio). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 109(1), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.109.1.76.
Henderson, J. N., & Letcher, B. H. (2003). Predation on stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-001.
Höjesjö, J., Johnsson, J., & Bohlin, T. (2004). Habitat complexity reduces the growth of aggressive and dominant brown trout (Salmo trutta) relative to subordinates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56(3), 286-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-004-0784-7.
Karvonen, A., Aalto-Araneda, M., Virtala, A.-M., Kortet, R., Koski, P., & Hyvärinen, P. (2016). Enriched rearing environment and wild genetic background can enhance survival and disease resistance of salmonid fishes during parasite epidemics. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53(1), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12568.
Killen, S. S., Reid, D., Marras, S., & Domenici, P. (2015). The interplay between aerobic metabolism and antipredator performance: Vigilance is related to recovery rate after exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 6, 111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00111.
Koboroff, A., Kaplan, G., & Rogers, L. J. (2008). Hemispheric specialization in Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) shown as eye preferences during response to a predator. Brain Research Bulletin, 76(3), 304-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.015.
Krause, J., Loader, S. P., McDermott, J., & Ruxton, G. D. (1998). Refuge use by fish as a function of body length-related metabolic expenditure and predation risks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265, 2373-2379. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0586.
Kusch, R. C., Mirza, R. S., & Chivers, D. P. (2004). Making sense of predator scents: Investigating the sophistication of predator assessment abilities of fathead minnows. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55(6), 551-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0743-8.
Laakkonen, M. (2006). The effects of long-term predator exposure on body composition and condition of young Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43(3), 263-270.
Lintermans, M. (2004). Human-assisted dispersal of alien freshwater fish in Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 38(3), 481-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2004.9517255.
Lorenzen, K., Leber, K. M., & Blankenship, H. L. (2010). Responsible approach to marine stock enhancement: An update. Reviews in Fisheries Science., 18(2), 189-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2010.491564.
Miller, B., Biggins, D., Wemmer, C., Powell, R., Calvo, L., Hanebury, L., & Whareton, T. (1990). Development of survival skills in captive-raised Siberian polecats (Mustela eversmanni) II: Predator avoidance. Journal of Ethology, 8(95), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02350280.
Mirza, R. S., & Chivers, D. P. (2003). Response of juvenile rainbow trout to varying concentrations of chemical alarm cue: Response thresholds and survival during encounters with predators. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-216.
Näslund, J., & Johnsson, J. I. (2016). Environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments: Effects of physical structures and substrates. Fish and Fisheries, 17(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12088.
Pfeiffer, W. (1977). The distribution of fright reaction and alarm substance cells in fishes. Copeia, 1977(4), 653-665. https://doi.org/10.2307/1443164.
Pitcher, T. J., Green, D. A., & Magurran, A. E. (1986). Dicing with death: Predator inspection behaviour in minnow shoals. Journal of Fish Biology, 28(4), 439-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05181.x.
Quinn, G. P., & Keough, M. J. (2002). Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Reimer, T., Dempster, T., Wargelius, A., Fjelldal, P. G., Hansen, T., Glover, K. A., … Swearer, S. E. (2017). Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220, 2965-2969. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.148056.
Robertson, A. I., & Duke, N. C. (1990). Mangrove fish-communities in tropical Queensland, Australia: Spatial and temporal patterns in densities, biomass and community structure. Marine Biology, 104(3), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01314339.
Salvanes, A. G. V., Moberg, O., Ebbesson, L. O. E., Nilsen, T. O., Jensen, K. H., & Braithwaite, V. A. (2013). Environmental enrichment promotes neural plasticity and cognitive ability in fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1767), 20131331. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1331.
Savino, J. F., & Stein, R. A. (1982). Predator-prey interaction between largemouth bass and bluegills as influenced by simulated, submersed vegetation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 111(3), 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<255:PIBLBA>2.0.CO;2.
Semlitsch, R. D., & Reyer, H. U. (1992). Modification of anti-predator behaviour in tadpoles by environmental conditioning. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61(2), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.2307/5327.
Sih, A. (1992). Prey uncertainty and the balancing of antipredator and feeding needs. The American Naturalist, 139(5), 1052-1069. https://doi.org/10.1086/285372.
Sih, A., Bell, A., & Johnson, J. C. (2004). Behavioral syndromes: An ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(7), 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.009.
Sih, A., Mathot, K. J., & Moirón, M. (2015). Animal personality and state-behaviour feedbacks: A review and guide for empiricists. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30(1), 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.004.
Sih, A., Petranka, J. W., & Kats, L. B. (1988). The dynamics of prey refuge use: A model and tests with sunfish and salamander larvae. The American Naturalist, 132(4), 463-483. https://doi.org/10.1086/284865.
Suboski, M. D., & Templeton, J. J. (1989). Life skills training for hatchery fish: Social learning and survival. Fisheries Research, 7(4), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(89)90066-0.
Swaney, W. T., Cabrera-Alvarez, M. J., & Reader, S. M., (2015). Behavioural responses of feral and domestic guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to predators and their cues. Behavioural Processes, 118, 42-46.
Taylor, M. D., Palmer, P. J., Fielder, D. S., & Suthers, I. M. (2005). Responsible estuarine finfish stock enhancement: An Australian perspective. Journal of Fish Biology, 67(2), 299-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00809.x.
Trussell, G. C., Ewanchuk, P. J., & Bertness, M. D. (2003). Trait-mediated effects in rocky intertidal food chains: Predator risk cues alter prey feeding rates. Ecology, 84(3), 629-640. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084(0629:TMEIRI)2.0.CO;2.
Underwood, A. J., (1997). Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Vilhunen, S. (2006). Repeated antipredator conditioning: A pathway to habituation or to better avoidance? Journal of Fish Biology, 68(1), 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00873.x.