Ensemble projections elucidate effects of uncertainty in terrestrial nitrogen limitation on future carbon uptake.
CO2 fertilization
biogeochemical modelling
carbon-climate feedbacks
land surface models
model evaluation
terrestrial ecosystem modelling
Journal
Global change biology
ISSN: 1365-2486
Titre abrégé: Glob Chang Biol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9888746
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2020
07 2020
Historique:
received:
21
10
2019
accepted:
28
11
2019
pubmed:
15
4
2020
medline:
27
11
2020
entrez:
15
4
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The magnitude of the nitrogen (N) limitation of terrestrial carbon (C) storage over the 21st century is highly uncertain because of the complex interactions between the terrestrial C and N cycles. We use an ensemble approach to quantify and attribute process-level uncertainty in C-cycle projections by analysing a 30-member ensemble representing published alternative representations of key N cycle processes (stoichiometry, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and ecosystem N losses) within the framework of one terrestrial biosphere model. Despite large differences in the simulated present-day N cycle, primarily affecting simulated productivity north of 40°N, ensemble members generally conform with global C-cycle benchmarks for present-day conditions. Ensemble projections for two representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) show that the increase in land C storage due to CO
Substances chimiques
Carbon Dioxide
142M471B3J
Carbon
7440-44-0
Nitrogen
N762921K75
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
3978-3996Subventions
Organisme : European Union
ID : 641816
Pays : International
Organisme : European Research Council
ID : 647204
Pays : International
Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Ainsworth, E. A., & Long, S. P. (2005). What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. New Phytologist, 165, 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x
Arora, V. K., Boer, G. J., Friedlingstein, P., Eby, M., Jones, C. D., Christian, J. R., … Wu, T. (2013). Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP5 Earth system models. Journal of Climate, 26, 5289-5314. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00494.1
Arora, V. K., Katavouta, A., Williams, R. G., Jones, C. D., Brovkin, V., Friedlingstein, P., … Chamberlain, M. A. (2019). Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences Discussions, 1-124. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6124
Baig, S., Medlyn, B. E., Mercado, L. M., & Zaehle, S. (2015). Does the growth response of woody plants to elevated CO2 increase with temperature? A model-oriented meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 21, 4303-4319. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12962
Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., … Papale, D. (2010). Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate. Science, 329, 834-838. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984
Boden, T., Marland, G., & Andres, R. (2013). Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy. https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2016
Booth, B. B. B., Harris, G. R., Murphy, J. M., House, J. I., Jones, C. D., Sexton, D., & Sitch, S. (2017). Narrowing the range of future climate projections using historical observations of atmospheric CO2. Journal of Climate, 30, 3039-3053. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0178.1
Cleveland, C. C., Houlton, B. Z., Smith, W. K., Marklein, A. R., Reed, S. C., Parton, W. J., & Running, S. W. (2013). Patterns of new versus recycled primary production in the terrestrial biosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(31), 12733-12737. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302768110
Cleveland, C. C., Townsend, A. R., Schimel, D. S., Fisher, H., Howarth, R. W., Hedin, L. O., … Wasson, M. F. (1999). Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N-2) fixation in natural ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13, 623-645. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900014
Collier, N., Hoffman, F. M., Lawrence, D. M., Keppel-Aleks, G., Koven, C. D., Riley, W. J., … Randerson, J. T. (2018). The international land model benchmarking (ILAMB) system: Design, theory, and implementation. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10, 2731-2754. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001354
Cox, P. M., Pearson, D., Booth, B. B. B., Friedlingstein, P., Huntingford, C., Jones, C. D., & Luke, C. M. (2013). Sensitivity of tropical carbon to climate change constrained by carbon dioxide variability. Nature, 494, 341-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11882
Craine, J. M., Elmore, A. J., Wang, L., Aranibar, J., Bauters, M., Boeckx, P., … Zmudczyńska-Skarbek, K. (2018). Isotopic evidence for oligotrophication of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 1735-1744. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0694-0
Craine, J. M., Elmore, A. J., Wang, L., Boeckx, P., Delzon, S., Fang, Y., … Werner, C. (2019). Reply to: Data do not support large-scale oligotrophication of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3, 1287-1288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0949-4
Croft, H., Chen, J., Wang, R., Mo, G., Luo, S., Luo, X., … Bonal, D. (2020). The global distribution of leaf chlorophyll content. Remote Sensing of Environment, 236, 111479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111479
Dalmonech, D., & Zaehle, S. (2013). Towards a more objective evaluation of modelled land-carbon trends using atmospheric CO2 and satellite-based vegetation activity observations. Biogeosciences, 10, 4189-4210. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4189-2013
Drake, J. E., Darby, B. A., Giasson, M. A., Kramer, M. A., Phillips, R. P., & Finzi, A. C. (2013). Stoichiometry constrains microbial response to root exudation- insights from a model and a field experiment in a temperate forest. Biogeosciences, 10, 821-838. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-821-2013
Du, Z., Weng, E., Jiang, L., Luo, Y., Xia, J., & Zhou, X. (2018). Carbon-nitrogen coupling under three schemes of model representation: A traceability analysis. Geoscientific Model Development, 11, 4399-4416. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4399-2018
Dufresne, J.-L., Foujols, M.-A., Denvil, S., Caubel, A., Marti, O., Aumont, O., … Vuichard, N. (2013). Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model: From CMIP3 to CMIP5. Climate Dynamics, 40, 2123-2165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1636-1
Ellsworth, D. S., Anderson, I. C., Crous, K. Y., Cooke, J., Drake, J. E., Gherlenda, A. N., … Reich, P. B. (2017). Elevated CO2 does not increase eucalypt forest productivity on a low-phosphorus soil. Nature. Climate Change, 7, 279-282. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3235
Field, C. B., & Mooney, H. (1986). The photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship in wild plants. In T. J. Givnish (Ed.), On the economy of plant form and function (pp. 25-55). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521022495.
Fleischer, K., Rammig, A., De Kauwe, M. G., Walker, A. P., Domingues, T. F., Fuchslueger, L., … Lapola, D. M. (2019). Amazon forest response to CO2 fertilization dependent on plant phosphorus acquisition. Nature Geoscience, 12, 736-741. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0404-9
Gerber, S., Hedin, L. O., Oppenheimer, M., Pacala, S. W., & Shevliakova, E. (2010). Nitrogen cycling and feedbacks in a global dynamic land model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24, GB1001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003336
Goll, D. S., Brovkin, V., Parida, B. R., Reick, C. H., Kattge, J., Reich, P. B., … Niinemets, Ü. (2012). Nutrient limitation reduces land carbon uptake in simulations with a model of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. Biogeosciences, 9, 3547-3569. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3547-2012
Goodale, C. L. (2017). Multiyear fate of a 15N tracer in a mixed deciduous forest: Retention, redistribution, and differences by mycorrhizal association. Global Change Biology, 23, 867-880. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13483
Gruber, N., & Galloway, J. N. (2008). An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature Geoscience, 451, 293-296. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06592
Heimann, M., Esser, G., Haxeltine, A., Kaduk, J., Kicklighter, D. W., Knorr, W., … Würth, G. (1998). Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models through simulations of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2: First results of a model intercomparison study. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1029/97gb01936
Hempel, S., Frieler, K., Warszawski, L., Schewe, J., & Piontek, F. (2013). A trend-preserving bias correction - The ISI-MIP approach. Earth System Dynamics, 4, 219-236. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-219-2013
Hiltbrunner, E., Körner, C., Meier, R., Braun, S., & Kahmen, A. (2019). Data do not support large-scale oligotrophication of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3, 1285-1286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0948-5
Hofmockel, K. S., & Schlesinger, W. H. (2007). Carbon dioxide effects on heterotrophic dinitrogen fixation in a temperate pine forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71, 140-144. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.110
Houlton, B. Z., Marklein, A. R., & Bai, E. (2015). Representation of nitrogen in climate change forecasts. Nature Climate Change, 5, 398-401. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2538
Hungate, B. A., Dukes, J. S., Shaw, M. R., Luo, Y., & Field, C. B. (2003). Nitrogen and climate change. Science, 302, 1512-1513.
Hungate, B. A., Stiling, P. D., Dijkstra, P., Johnson, D. W., Ketterer, M. E., Hymus, G. J., … Drake, B. G. (2004). CO2 elicits long-term decline in nitrogen fixation. Science, 304, 1291. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095549
Hungate, B. A., van Groenigen, K. J., Six, J., Jastrow, J. D., Luo, Y., de Graff, M.-A., … Osenberg, C. W. (2009). Assessing the effect of elevated carbon dioxide on soil carbon: A comparison of four meta-analyses. Global Change Biology, 15, 2020-2034. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01866.x
Huntzinger, D. N., Michalak, A. M., Schwalm, C., Ciais, P., King, A. W., & Fang, Y. (2017). Uncertainty in the response of terrestrial carbon sink to environmental drivers undermines carbon-climate feedback predictions. Scientific Reports, 7, 4765. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03818-2
Hurtt, G. C., Frolking, S., Fearon, M. G., Moore, B., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., … Houghton, R. A. (2006). The underpinnings of land-use history: Three centuries of global gridded land-use transitions, wood-harvest activity, and resulting secondary lands. Global Change Biology, 12, 1208-1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01150.x
Hyvönen, R., Agren, G. I., Linder, S., Persson, T., Cotrufo, M. F., Ekblad, A., … Wallin, G. (2007). The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: A literature review. New Phytologist, 173, 463-480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01967.x
Jacobson, A. R., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., & Gloor, M. (2007). A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. Methods and global-scale fluxes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002556
Jones, C., Robertson, E., Arora, V. K., Friedlingstein, P., Shevliakova, E., Bopp, L., … Tjiputra, J. (2013). 21st century compatible CO2 emissions and airborne fraction simulated by CMIP5 Earth System models under 4 representative concentration pathways. Journal of Climate, 26, 4398-4413. https://doi.org/10.1175-JCLI-D-12-00554.1
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H. A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A. D., & Arain, M. A. (2011). Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, G00J07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001566
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., … Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 437-472. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
Kaminski, T., Heimann, M., & Giering, R. (1999). A coarse grid three-dimensional global inverse model of the atmospheric transport: 1. Adjoint model and Jacobian matrix. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere, 104, 18535-18553. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900147
Kattge, J., Daz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, I. C., Leadley, P., Boenisch, G., … Cornelissen, J. H. (2011). TRY - A global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology, 17, 2905-2935.
Knyazikhin, Y., Schull, M. A., Stenberg, P., Mõttus, M., Rautiainen, M., Yang, Y., … Myneni, R. B. (2013). Hyperspectral remote sensing of foliar nitrogen content. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, E185-E192. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210196109
Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Ogée, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., … Prentice, I. C. (2005). A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB1015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002199
Kull, O., & Kruijt, B. (1998). Leaf photosynthetic light response: A mechanistic model for scaling photosynthesis to leaves and canopies. Functional Ecology, 12, 767-777. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00257.x
Lamarque, J.-F., Kyle, G. P., Meinshausen, M., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., Vuuren, D. P., … Vitt, F. (2011). Global and regional evolution of short-lived radiatively-active gases and aerosols in the Representative Concentration Pathways. Climatic Change, 109, 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0155-0
Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S. A., Pongratz, J., Manning, A. C., … Zhu, D. (2018). Global carbon budget 2017. Earth System Science Data, 10, 405-448.
LeBauer, D. S., & Treseder, K. K. (2008). Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology, 89, 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2057.1
Li, C. S., Aber, J., Stange, F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., & Papen, H. (2000). A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils: 1. Model development. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 105, 4369-4384. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900949
Liang, J., Qi, X., Souza, L., & Luo, Y. (2016). Processes regulating progressive nitrogen limitation under elevated carbon dioxide: A meta-analysis. Biogeosciences, 13, 2689-2699. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2689-2016
Liu, Y. Y., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., McCabe, M. F., Evans, J. P., & de Jeu, R. A. M. (2013). Global vegetation biomass change (1988-2008) and attribution to environmental and human drivers. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22, 692-705. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12024
Magill, A. H., Aber, J. D., Currie, W. S., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Martin, M. E., McDowell, W. H., … Steudler, P. (2004). Ecosystem response to 15 years of chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 196, 7-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.033
Manzoni, S., Trofymow, J. A., Jackson, R., & Porporato, A. (2010). Stoichiometric controls on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing litter. Ecological Monographs, 80, 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0179.1
McNulty, S. G., Boggs, J., Aber, J. D., Rustad, L., & Magill, A. (2005). Red spruce ecosystem level changes following 14 years of chronic N fertilization. Forest Ecology and Management, 219, 279-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.004
Medlyn, B. E., De Kauwe, M. G., Zaehle, S., Walker, A. P., Duursma, R. A., Luus, K., … Ellsworth, D. S. (2016). Using models to guide field experiments: A priori predictions for the CO2 response of a nutrient- and water-limited native Eucalypt woodland. Global Change Biology, 22, 2834-2851. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13268
Medlyn, B. E., Zaehle, S., De Kauwe, M. G., Walker, A. P., Dietze, M. C., Hanson, P. J., … Norby, R. J. (2015). Using ecosystem experiments to improve vegetation models. Nature Climate Change, 5, 528-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2621
Meinshausen, M., Smith, S. J., Calvin, K., Daniel, J. S., Kainuma, M. L. T., Lamarque, J. F., … Vuuren, D. P. P. (2011). The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Climatic Change, 109, 213-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z
Menge, D. N. L., Hedin, L. O., & Pacala, S. W. (2012). Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation over long-term ecosystem development in terrestrial ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 7, 1-17.
Menge, D. N. L., Levin, S. A., & Hedin, L. O. (2008). Evolutionary tradeoffs can select against nitrogen fixation and thereby maintain nitrogen limitation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 1573-1578. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711411105
Meyerholt, J., Sickel, K., & Zaehle, S. (2019). O-CN ensemble version, rev 295. Retrieved from https://projects.bgc-jena.mpg.de/OCN/browser/branches/bnfdev
Meyerholt, J., & Zaehle, S. (2015). The role of stoichiometric flexibility in modelling forest ecosystem responses to nitrogen fertilization. New Phytologist, 208, 1042-1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13547
Meyerholt, J., & Zaehle, S. (2018). Controls of terrestrial ecosystem nitrogen loss on simulated productivity responses to elevated CO2. Biogeosciences, 15, 5677-5698. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5677-2018
Meyerholt, J., Zaehle, S., & Smith, M. J. (2016). Variability of projected terrestrial biosphere responses to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 due to uncertainty in biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeosciences, 13, 1491-1518. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1491-2016
Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Jacobson, A. R., Gloor, M., Doney, S. C., Dutkiewicz, S., … Sarmiento, J. L. (2006). Inverse estimates of anthropogenic CO2 uptake, transport, and storage by the ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002530
Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Jacobson, A. R., Gloor, M., Doney, S. C., Dutkiewicz, S., … Sarmiento, J. L. (2007). Inverse estimates of the oceanic sources and sinks of natural CO2 and the implied oceanic carbon transport. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002751
Norby, R. J., De Kauwe, M. G., Domingues, T. F., Duursma, R. A., Ellsworth, D. S., Goll, D. S., … Zaehle, S. (2016). Model-data synthesis for the next generation of forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments. New Phytologist, 209, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13593
Norby, R. J., De Kauwe, M. G., Walker, A. P., Werner, C., Zaehle, S., & Zak, D. R. (2017). Comment on “Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO2 fertilization effect”. Science, 355, 358. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai7976
Ollinger, S. V., Richardson, A. D., Martin, M. E., Hollinger, D. Y., Frolking, S. E., Reich, P. B., … Schmid, H. P. (2008). Canopy nitrogen, carbon assimilation, and albedo in temperate and boreal forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 19336-19341. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810021105
Rastetter, E. B., Vitousek, P. M., Field, C., Shaver, G. R., Herbert, D., & gren, G. I. (2001). Resource optimization and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Ecosystems, 4, 369-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0018-z
Righi, M., Andela, B., Eyring, V., Lauer, A., Predoi, V., Schlund, M., … Zimmermann, K. (2019). ESMValTool v2.0 - Technical overview. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-226
Rödenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M., & Heimann, M. (2003). CO2 flux history 1982-2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 1919-1964. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1919-2003
Saugier, B., & Roy, J. (2001). Estimations of global terrestrial productivity: Converging towards a single number? In H. Mooney, J. Roy, & B. Saugier (Eds.), Global terrestrial productivity: Past, present and future. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Schulte-Uebbing, L., & de Vries, W. (2018). Global-scale impacts of nitrogen deposition on tree carbon sequestration in tropical, temperate, and boreal forests: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 24, e416-e431. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13862
Smith, B., Wårlind, D., Arneth, A., Hickler, T., Leadley, P., Siltberg, J., & Zaehle, S. (2014). Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model. Biogeosciences, 11, 2027-2054. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2027-2014
Sokolov, A. P., Kicklighter, D. W., Melillo, J. M., Felzer, B. S., Schlosser, C. A., & Cronin, T. W. (2008). Consequences of considering carbon-nitrogen interactions on the feedbacks between climate and the terrestrial carbon cycle. Journal of Climate, 21, 3776-3796. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2038.1
Sulman, B. N., Shevliakova, E., Brzostek, E. R., Kivlin, S. N., Malyshev, S., Menge, D. N., & Zhang, X. (2019). Diverse mycorrhizal associations enhance terrestrial C storage in a global model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 33, 501-523. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB005973
Terrer, C., Vicca, S., Hungate, B. A., Phillips, R. P., & Prentice, I. C. (2016). Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO2 fertilization effect. Science, 353, 72-74. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4610
Thomas, R. Q., Brookshire, E. N. J., & Gerber, S. (2015). Nitrogen limitation on land: How can it occur in Earth system models? Global Change Biology, 21, 1777-1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12813
Thomas, R. Q., Zaehle, S., Templer, P. H., & Goodale, C. L. (2013). Global patterns of nitrogen limitation: Confronting two global biogeochemical models with observations. Global Change Biology, 19, 2986-2998. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12281
Thornton, P. E., Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Randerson, J. T., … Lee, Y.-H. (2009). Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. Biogeosciences, 6, 2099-2120. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009
Thornton, P. E., Lamarque, J. F., Rosenbloom, N. A., & Mahowald, N. M. (2007). Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002868
Thornton, P. E., & Rosenbloom, N. A. (2005). Ecosystem model spin-up: Estimating steady state conditions in a coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle model. Ecological Modelling, 189, 25-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.04.008
Tian, H., Yang, J., Xu, R., Lu, C., Canadell, J. G., Davidson, E. A., … Zhang, B. (2019). Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty. Global Change Biology, 25, 640-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14514
Townsend, P. A., Serbin, S. P., Kruger, E. L., & Gamon, J. A. (2013). Disentangling the contribution of biological and physical properties of leaves and canopies in imaging spectroscopy data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(12), E1074. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300952110
Vicca, S., Stocker, B. D., Reed, S., Wieder, W. R., Bahn, M., Fay, P. A., … Ciais, P. (2018). Using research networks to create the comprehensive datasets needed to assess nutrient availability as a key determinant of terrestrial carbon cycling. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 125006-125014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeae7
Viovy, N. (2016). CRUNCEP data set. Retrieved from ftp://nacp.ornl.gov/synthesis/2009/frescati/temp/land_use_change/original/readme.htm
Vitousek, P. M., Cassman, K., Cleveland, C., Crews, T., Field, C. B., Grimm, N. B., … Sprent, J. I. (2002). Towards an ecological understanding of biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeochemistry, 57(58), 1-45.
Vitousek, P. M., & Howarth, R. W. (1991). Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea - How it can occur. Biogeochemistry, 13, 87-115.
Vitousek, P. M., Menge, D. N. L., Reed, S. C., & Cleveland, C. C. (2013). Biological nitrogen fixation: Rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368, 20130119. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0119
Walker, A. P., Zaehle, S., Medlyn, B. E., De Kauwe, M. G., Asao, S., Hickler, T., … Norby, R. J. (2015). Predicting long-term carbon sequestration in response to CO2 enrichment: How and why do current ecosystem models differ? Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29, 476-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004995
Wang, Y. P., Law, R. M., & Pak, B. (2010). A global model of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles for the terrestrial biosphere. Biogeosciences, 7, 2261-2282. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2261-2010
Wårlind, D., Smith, B., Hickler, T., & Arneth, A. (2014). Nitrogen feedbacks increase future terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model. Biogeosciences, 11, 6131-6146. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6131-2014
Wieder, W. R., Cleveland, C. C., Lawrence, D. M., & Bonan, G. B. (2015). Effects of model structural uncertainty on carbon cycle projections: Biological nitrogen fixation as a case study. Environmental Research Letters, 10(4), 044016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044016
Wieder, W. R., Cleveland, C. C., Smith, W. K., & Todd-Brown, K. (2015). Future productivity and carbon storage limited by terrestrial nutrient availability. Nature Geoscience, 8, 441-444. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2413
Xu-Ri, & Prentice, I. C. (2008). Terrestrial nitrogen cycle simulation with a dynamic global vegetation model. Global Change Biology, 14, 1745-1764. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01625.x
Xu-Ri, & Prentice, I. C. (2017). Modelling the demand for new nitrogen fixation by terrestrial ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 14, 2003-2017. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2003-2017
Yang, X., Wittig, V., Jain, A. K., & Post, W. (2009). The integration of nitrogen cycle dynamics into the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM) for the study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB4029. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003474
Zaehle, S., Ciais, P., Friend, A. D., & Prieur, V. (2011). Carbon benefits of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen offset by nitrous oxide emissions. Nature Geoscience, 4, 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1207
Zaehle, S., & Dalmonech, D. (2011). Carbon-nitrogen interactions on land at global scales: Current understanding in modelling climate biosphere feedbacks. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.08.008
Zaehle, S., Friedlingstein, P., & Friend, A. D. (2010). Terrestrial nitrogen feedbacks may accelerate future climate change. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L01401. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041345
Zaehle, S., & Friend, A. D. (2010). Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 1. Model description, site-scale evaluation, and sensitivity to parameter estimates. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003521
Zaehle, S., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Dentener, F., Peylin, P., & Schulz, M. (2010). Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003522
Zaehle, S., Jones, C. D., Houlton, B. Z., Lamarque, J.-F., & Robertson, E. (2015). Nitrogen availability reduces CMIP5 projections of 21st century land carbon uptake. Journal of Climate, 28, 2494-2511. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00776.1
Zaehle, S., Medlyn, B. E., De Kauwe, M. G., Walker, A. P., Dietze, M. C., Hickler, T., … Norby, R. J. (2014). Evaluation of 11 terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle models against observations from two temperate Free-Air CO2 Enrichment studies. New Phytologist, 202, 803-822. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12697
Zhang, Q., Wang, Y.-P., Matear, R., Pitman, A. J., & Dai, Y. J. (2014). Nitrogen and phosphorus limitations significantly reduce future allowable CO2 emissions. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 632-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058352
Zheng, M., Zhou, Z., Luo, Y., Zhao, P., & Mo, J. (2019). Global pattern and controls of biological nitrogen fixation under nutrient enrichment: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 25, 3018-3030. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14705