Combined Raman and AFM detection of changes in HeLa cervical cancer cells induced by CeO

The design of nanoparticles for application in medical diagnostics and therapy requires a thorough understanding of various aspects of nanoparticle-cell interactions. In this work, two unconventional methods for the study of nanoparticle effects on cells, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were employed to track the molecular and morphological changes that are caused by the interaction between cervical carcinoma-derived HeLa cells and two types of cerium dioxide (CeO