Bacopa monnieri inhibits apoptosis and senescence through mitophagy in human astrocytes.

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a potent neurotoxic agent that is responsible for impaired neuronal development and is associated with aging. Here, it was demonstrated that extracts of Bacopa monnieri (BM), a traditional Ayurvedic medicine, diminished the B[a]P-induced apoptosis and senescence in human astrocytes. BM was demonstrated to protect the immortalized primary fetal astrocytes (IMPHFA) from B[a]P-induced apoptosis and senescence by reducing the damaged mitochondria that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, it was shown that B[a]P-triggered G2 arrest could be altered by BM, thus indicating that BM could reverse the cell cycle arrest and mediate a normal cell cycle in IMPHFA cells. In addition, the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans was assessed, which confirmed these effects in the presence of BM, compared to the B[a]P-treated group. Furthermore, the anti-senescence and anti-apoptotic activities of BM were observed to be mediated through the protective effect of mitophagy, and inhibition of mitophagy could not protect the astrocytes from mitochondrial ROS-induced apoptosis and senescence in BM-treated cells. Moreover, it was revealed that BM induced Parkin-dependent mitophagy to exert its cytoprotective activity in IMPHFA cells. In conclusion, the anti-senescence and anti-apoptotic effects of BM in astrocytes could combat pollution and aging-related neurological disorders.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.