Liver Transplantation for Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Science or Fiction?
Journal
Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society
ISSN: 1527-6473
Titre abrégé: Liver Transpl
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 100909185
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2020
07 2020
Historique:
received:
18
02
2020
revised:
02
04
2020
accepted:
05
04
2020
pubmed:
5
5
2020
medline:
19
3
2021
entrez:
5
5
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Acute clinical deterioration of a patient with chronic liver disease remains a decisive time point both in terms of medical management and prognosis. This condition, also known as acute decompensation (AD), is an important event determining a crossroad in the trajectory of patients. A significant number of patients with AD may develop hepatic or extrahepatic organ failure, or both, which defines the syndrome acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), and ACLF is associated with a high morbidity and short-term mortality. ACLF may occur at any phase during chronic liver disease and is pathogenetically defined by systemic inflammation and immune metabolic dysfunction. When organ failures develop in the presence of cirrhosis, especially extrahepatic organ failures, liver transplantation (LT) may be the only curative treatment. This review outlines the evidence supporting LT in ACLF patients, highlighting the role of timing, bridging to LT, and possible indicators of futility. Importantly, prospective studies on ACLF and transplantation are urgently needed.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
906-915Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors. Liver Transplantation published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Références
Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, et al.; for CANONIC Study investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013;144:1426-1437.
Jalan R, Pavesi M, Saliba F, Amoros A, Fernandez J, Holland-Fischer P, et al.; for CANONIC Study Investigators; EASL-CLIF Consortium. The CLIF Consortium Acute Decompensation score (CLIF-C ADs) for prognosis of hospitalised cirrhotic patients without acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2015;62:831-840.
Trebicka J, Amoros A, Pitarch C, Titos E, Alcaraz-Quiles J, Schierwagen R, et al. Addressing profiles of systemic inflammation across the different clinical phenotypes of acutely decompensated cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2019;10:476.
Clària J, Stauber RE, Coenraad MJ, Moreau R, Jalan R, Pavesi M, et al.; for CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium and the European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF). Systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis: characterization and role in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 2016;64:1249-1264.
Sundaram V, Jalan R, Wu T, Volk ML, Asrani SK, Klein AS, Wong RJ. Factors associated with survival of patients with severe acute-on-chronic liver failure before and after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2019;156:1381-1391.
Thuluvath PJ, Thuluvath AJ, Hanish S, Savva Y. Liver transplantation in patients with multiple organ failures: feasibility and outcomes. J Hepatol 2018;69:1047-1056.
Arroyo V, Moreau R, Kamath PS, Jalan R, Gines P, Nevens F, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016;2:16041.
Gustot T, Fernandez J, Garcia E, Morando F, Caraceni P, Alessandria C, et al.; for CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Clinical course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis. Hepatology 2015;62:243-252.
Jalan R, Saliba F, Pavesi M, Amoros A, Moreau R, Gines P, et al.; for CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2014;61:1038-1047.
Arroyo V, Jalan R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: definition, diagnosis, and clinical characteristics. Semin Liver Dis 2016;36:109-116.
Garg H, Kumar A, Garg V, Sharma P, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Clinical profile and predictors of mortality in patients of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig Liver Dis 2012;44:166-171.
Wlodzimirow KA, Eslami S, Abu-Hanna A, Nieuwoudt M, Chamuleau RA. A systematic review on prognostic indicators of acute on chronic liver failure and their predictive value for mortality. Liver Int 2013;33:40-52.
Rosenblatt R, Shen N, Tafesh Z, Cohen-Mekelburg S, Crawford CV, Kumar S, et al. The North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease acute-on-chronic liver failure score accurately predicts survival: an external validation using a national cohort. Liver Transpl 2020;26:187-195.
Piano S, Tonon M, Vettore E, Stanco M, Pilutti C, Romano A, et al. Incidence, predictors and outcomes of acute-on-chronic liver failure in outpatients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2017;67:1177-1184.
Arora V, Maiwall R, Rajan V, Jindal A, Muralikrishna Shasthry S, Kumar G, et al. Terlipressin is superior to noradrenaline in the management of acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatology 2020;71:600-610.
Staufer K, Roedl K, Kivaranovic D, Drolz A, Horvatits T, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, et al. Renal replacement therapy in critically ill liver cirrhotic patients-outcome and clinical implications. Liver Int 2017;37:843-850.
Lenhart A, Hussain S, Salgia R. Chances of renal recovery or liver transplantation after hospitalization for alcoholic liver disease requiring dialysis. Dig Dis Sci 2018;63:2800-2809.
Nanchal R, Subramanian R, Karvellas CJ, Hollenberg SM, Peppard WJ, Singbartl K, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure in the ICU: cardiovascular, endocrine, hematologic, pulmonary, and renal considerations. Crit Care Med 2020;48:e173-e191.
Patel SS, Bajaj JS. Acute-on-chronic liver failure prognosis using North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease acute-on-chronic liver failure score: paving the road to transplant? Liver Transpl 2020;26:179-181.
Karvellas CJ, Bagshaw SM. Advances in management and prognostication in critically ill cirrhotic patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2014;20:210-217.
Hernaez R, Solà E, Moreau R, Ginès P. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: an update. Gut 2017;66:541-553.
Artru F, Louvet A, Ruiz I, Levesque E, Labreuche J, Ursic-Bedoya J, et al. Liver transplantation in the most severely ill cirrhotic patients: a multicenter study in acute-on-chronic liver failure grade 3. J Hepatol 2017;67:708-715.
Levesque E, Winter A, Noorah Z, Daurès JP, Landais P, Feray C, Azoulay D. Impact of acute-on-chronic liver failure on 90-day mortality following a first liver transplantation. Liver Int 2017;37:684-693.
Mahmud N, Sundaram V, Kaplan DE, Taddei TH, Goldberg DS. Grade 1 acute on chronic liver failure is a predictor for subsequent grade 3 failure. Hepatology 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31012.
Finkenstedt A, Nachbaur K, Zoller H, Joannidis M, Pratschke J, Graziadei IW, Vogel W. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: excellent outcomes after liver transplantation but high mortality on the wait list. Liver Transpl 2013;19:879-886.
Jansen C, Möller P, Meyer C, Kolbe CC, Bogs C, Pohlmann A, et al. Increase in liver stiffness after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is associated with inflammation and predicts mortality. Hepatology 2018;67:1472-1484.
Macdonald S, Andreola F, Bachtiger P, Amoros A, Pavesi M, Mookerjee R, et al. Cell death markers in patients with cirrhosis and acute decompensation. Hepatology 2018;67:989-1002.
Yadav SK, Saraf N, Choudhary NS, Sah JK, Sah SK, Rastogi A, et al. Living donor liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Transpl 2019;25:459-468.
Moon DB, Lee SG, Kang WH, Song GW, Jung DH, Park GC, et al. Adult living donor liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure in high-model for end-stage liver disease score patients. Am J Transplant 2017;17:1833-1842.
Neuberger J, James O. Guidelines for selection of patients for liver transplantation in the era of donor-organ shortage. Lancet 1999;354:1636-1639.
Olthoff KM, Brown RS Jr., Delmonico FL, Freeman RB, McDiarmid SV, Merion RM, et al. Summary report of a national conference: evolving concepts in liver allocation in the MELD and PELD era. Liver Transpl 2004;10(suppl 2):A6-A22.
Cullaro G, Sharma R, Trebicka J, Cárdenas A, Verna EC. Precipitants of acute-on-chronic liver failure: an opportunity for preventative measures to improve outcomes. Liver Transpl 2020;26:283-293.
Im GY, Cameron AM, Lucey MR. Liver transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2019;70:328-334.
Mathurin P, Moreno C, Samuel D, Dumortier J, Salleron J, Durand F, et al. Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1790-1800.
Im GY, Kim-Schluger L, Shenoy A, Schubert E, Goel A, Friedman SL, et al. Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis in the United States-a single-center experience. Am J Transplant 2016;16:841-849.
Weeks SR, Sun Z, McCaul ME, Zhu H, Anders RA, Philosophe B, et al. Liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis, updated lessons from the world's largest series. J Am Coll Surg 2018;226:549-557.
Lee BP, Mehta N, Platt L, Gurakar A, Rice JP, Lucey MR, et al. Outcomes of early liver transplantation for patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2018;155:422-430.
Lee BP, Vittinghoff E, Hsu C, Han H, Therapondos G, Fix OK, et al. Predicting low risk for sustained alcohol use after early liver transplant for acute alcoholic hepatitis: the sustained alcohol use post-liver transplant score. Hepatology 2019;69:1477-1487.
Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Reddy KR, Wong F, Biggins SW, Patton H, et al.; for North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease (NACSELD). Survival in infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure is defined by extrahepatic organ failures. Hepatology 2014;60:250-256.
Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Reddy KR, Wong F, Olson JC, Subramanian RM, et al.; NACSELD. Second infections independently increase mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: the North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease (NACSELD) experience. Hepatology 2012;56:2328-2335.
Fernández J, Acevedo J, Wiest R, Gustot T, Amoros A, Deulofeu C, et al.; for European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure. Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis. Gut 2018;67:1870-1880.
Martin P, DiMartini A, Feng S, Brown R Jr., Fallon M. Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Hepatology 2014;59:1144-1165.
Sun HY, Cacciarelli TV, Singh N. Impact of pretransplant infections on clinical outcomes of liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2010;16:222-228.
Lin KH, Liu JW, Chen CL, Wang SH, Lin CC, Liu YW, et al. Impacts of pretransplant infections on clinical outcomes of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure who received living-donor liver transplantation. PLoS One 2013;8:e72893.
Bertuzzo VR, Giannella M, Cucchetti A, Pinna AD, Grossi A, Ravaioli M, et al. Impact of preoperative infection on outcome after liver transplantation. Br J Surg 2017;104:e172-e181.
Baccarani U, Adani GL, Bragantini F, Londero A, Comuzzi C, Rossetto A, et al. Long-term outcomes of orthotopic liver transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and comparison with human immunodeficiency virus-negative cases. Transplant Proc 2011;43:1119-1122.
Fox AN, Vagefi PA, Stock PG. Liver transplantation in HIV patients. Semin Liver Dis 2012;32:177-185.
Olson JC, Karvellas CJ. Critical care management of the patient with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplant in the intensive care unit. Liver Transpl 2017;23:1465-1476.
Hernández-Gea V, Procopet B, Giráldez A, Amitrano L, Villanueva C, Thabut D, et al. Preemptive-TIPS improves outcome in high-risk variceal bleeding: an observational study. Hepatology 2019;69:282-293.
Trebicka J, Gu W, Ibáñez-Samaniego L, et al. Rebleeding and mortality risk are increased by ACLF but reduced by pre-emptive TIPS. J Hepatol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.024.
de Franchis R; for Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015;63:743-752.
Putignano A, Gustot T. New concepts in acute-on-chronic liver failure: implications for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2017;23:234-243.
Sundaram V, Jalan R. Reply. Gastroenterology 2019;157:1163-1164.
Huebener P, Sterneck MR, Bangert K, Drolz A, Lohse AW, Kluge S, et al. Stabilisation of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients before liver transplantation predicts post-transplant survival. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:1502-1510.
Sundaram V, Kogachi S, Wong RJ, Karvellas CJ, Fortune BE, Mahmud N, et al. Effect of the clinical course of acute-on-chronic liver failure prior to liver transplantation on post-transplant survival. J Hepatol 2020;72:481-488.
Karvellas CJ, Subramanian RM. Current evidence for extracorporeal liver support systems in acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Crit Care Clin 2016;32:439-451.
Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, Risler T, Erley CM, Bader BD, et al. Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transpl 2000;6:277-286.
Heemann U, Treichel U, Loock J, Philipp T, Gerken G, Malago M, et al. Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study. Hepatology 2002;36(pt 1):949-958.
Bañares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, Jalan R, Albillos A, Dollinger M, et al.; for RELIEF Study Group. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology 2013;57:1153-1162.
Kribben A, Gerken G, Haag S, Herget-Rosenthal S, Treichel U, Betz C, et al.; for HELIOS Study Group. Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 2012;142:782-789.
Bañares R, Ibáñez-Samaniego L, Torner JM, Pavesi M, Olmedo T, Catalina MV, et al. Meta-analysis of individual patient data of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: focus on treatment intensity. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019;12:1-12.
Sundaram V, Shah P, Wong RJ, Karvellas CJ, Fortune BE, Mahmud N, et al. Patients with acute on chronic liver failure grade 3 have greater 14-day waitlist mortality than status-1a patients. Hepatology 2019;70:334-345.