Sustained subconjunctival drug delivery systems: current trends and future perspectives.

One of the challenges of ocular drug delivery systems is sustainable delivery of the intended drug to the posterior segment of the eye. Periocular routes of drug delivery are a promising method to bridge this challenge. The purpose of this study is to investigate the recent advances and potentials of subconjunctival route and its pros and cons in comparison with other ocular drug delivery routes. In this literature review, the comprehensive search of publications was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed indicating investigations on subconjunctival drug delivery systems using relevant keywords. Based on the resultant detailed criteria to choose an appropriate ocular drug delivery route, it is revealed that most of these routes are either highly invasive and/or provide low bioavailability of drug to the target tissue. Nevertheless, subconjunctival drug delivery could be considered as one of the less invasive and easily accessible routes for delivering various drugs to both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. However, most of such researches are at the stage of animal study in their pipelines. Periocular route of drug delivery is one of the most efficient routes for delivering the drugs to both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Subconjunctival sustained drug delivery is highly effective and less invasive compared to other periocular routes. This makes subconjunctival implants and injections one of the most proper ways of treating various ranges of ocular diseases and disorders, e.g., diabetic retinopathy, dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, etc.