Diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A review of current methods and novel approaches.
Pneumocystis
Pneumocystis pneumonia
antigen-antibody reaction
immunocompromised host
polymerase chain reaction
Journal
Medical mycology
ISSN: 1460-2709
Titre abrégé: Med Mycol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9815835
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 Nov 2020
10 Nov 2020
Historique:
accepted:
07
05
2020
received:
10
09
2019
revised:
13
03
2020
pubmed:
14
5
2020
medline:
26
5
2021
entrez:
14
5
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Pneumocystis jirovecii can cause life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Traditional diagnostic testing has relied on staining and direct visualization of the life-forms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This method has proven insensitive, and invasive procedures may be needed to obtain adequate samples. Molecular methods of detection such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and antibody-antigen assays have been developed in an effort to solve these problems. These techniques are very sensitive and have the potential to detect Pneumocystis life-forms in noninvasive samples such as sputum, oral washes, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and serum. This review evaluates 100 studies that compare use of various diagnostic tests for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in patient samples. Novel diagnostic methods have been widely used in the research setting but have faced barriers to clinical implementation including: interpretation of low fungal burdens, standardization of techniques, integration into resource-poor settings, poor understanding of the impact of host factors, geographic variations in the organism, heterogeneity of studies, and limited clinician recognition of PCP. Addressing these barriers will require identification of phenotypes that progress to PCP and diagnostic cut-offs for colonization, generation of life-form specific markers, comparison of commercial PCR assays, investigation of cost-effective point of care options, evaluation of host factors such as HIV status that may impact diagnosis, and identification of markers of genetic diversity that may be useful in diagnostic panels. Performing high-quality studies and educating physicians will be crucial to improve the rates of diagnosis of PCP and ultimately to improve patient outcomes.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32400869
pii: 5836563
doi: 10.1093/mmy/myaa024
pmc: PMC7657095
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1015-1028Informations de copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.
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