Resolving the relative contributions of cistern and pour flushing to toilet water usage: Measurements from urban test sites in India.
Blackwater
Decentralized treatment
Flow meter
Onsite sanitation
WASH
Water reuse
Journal
The Science of the total environment
ISSN: 1879-1026
Titre abrégé: Sci Total Environ
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 0330500
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
15 Aug 2020
15 Aug 2020
Historique:
received:
19
02
2020
revised:
21
04
2020
accepted:
22
04
2020
pubmed:
14
5
2020
medline:
14
5
2020
entrez:
14
5
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
A challenge in water reuse for toilet flushing in India and other Asian countries derives from pour flushing practices. It is a common assumption that the amount of pour flushed water used for personal cleansing is small in comparison to the cistern flush volume, however there is a knowledge gap regarding the actual contribution of each water source to the blackwater amount. In this study, digital water meters were used to measure the fraction of water from personal wash tap relative to cistern water that is used for toilet flushing. High temporal resolution measurements were carried in three different urban sites in the city of Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu where onsite sanitation treatment prototypes that may provide reclaimed water for cistern flushing are being tested. Data collected over periods of up to 2 months show that the contribution of the cistern flush to the total blackwater volume is low (14-40%). These data highlight an important factor to inform interventions designed around water reuse for flushing in world geographies where personal toilet cleansing by water is the common practice.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32402964
pii: S0048-9697(20)32474-8
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138957
pmc: PMC7272130
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
138957Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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