Air layer during the impact of droplets on heated substrates.

When a droplet impacts on a substrate, the air underneath the droplet is compressed to form an air layer of a dimple shape before the droplet wets the substrate. This air layer is important to the impact dynamics, and many studies have been performed to investigate the air layer during the impact process on unheated substrates. In this experimental study of the air layer, our results reveal that the air layer is profoundly affected by the substrate temperature, even if the substrate temperature is below the boiling point of the droplet fluid. We use high-speed imaging and color interferometry to measure the air layer with nanometer accuracy. The results show that the thickness of the air layer increases with increasing the substrate temperature. Compared with the impact of the droplet on the unheated substrate, the average thickness of the air layer on the heated substrate at 70 °C is about 12% thicker. This will affect the subsequent bubble entrapment, which is an important feature of the impact dynamics. A simplified model is proposed to consider the heat transfer in the air layer. Additionally, the effects of the Weber number, the fluid viscosity, and the size of the droplet on the air layer are also analyzed. This study sheds light on controlling the impact dynamics of droplets by adjusting the substrate temperature.