In Search of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)-free Controls: The "Holy Grail" in Genetic Addiction Risk Testing.
Behavioral genetic research
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
case controlled studies
genetic addiction association studies
genetic prevalence
hypodopaminergia
study controls
super controls
Journal
Current psychopharmacology
ISSN: 2211-5560
Titre abrégé: Curr Psychopharmacol
Pays: United Arab Emirates
ID NLM: 101610773
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2020
2020
Historique:
entrez:
21
5
2020
pubmed:
21
5
2020
medline:
21
5
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The search for an accurate, gene-based test to identify heritable risk factors for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) was conducted based on hundreds of published studies about the role of dopamine in addictive behaviors, including risk for drug dependence and compulsive/impulsive behavior disorders. The term RDS was first coined by Blum's group in 1995 to identify a group of behaviors with a common neurobiological mechanism associated with a polymorphic allelic propensity for hypodopaminergia. To outline the process used to select risk alleles of reward genes for the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. Consequently, to address the limitations caused by inconsistent results that occur in many case-control behavioral association studies. These limitations are perhaps due to the failure of investigators to adequately screen controls for drug and alcohol use disorder, and any of the many RDS behaviors, including nicotine dependence, obesity, pathological gambling, and internet gaming addiction. Review of the literature related to the function of risk alleles of reward genes associated with hypodopaminergia relevant case-control association studies for the selection of alleles to be measured by the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. The prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele in unscreened controls (33.3%), compared to "Super-Controls" [highly screened RDS controls (3.3%) in proband and family] is used to exemplify a possible solution. Unlike one gene-one disease (OGOD), RDS is polygenetic, and very complex. In addition, any RDS-related behaviors must be eliminated from the control group in order to obtain the best possible statistical analysis instead of comparing the phenotype with disease-ridden controls.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The search for an accurate, gene-based test to identify heritable risk factors for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) was conducted based on hundreds of published studies about the role of dopamine in addictive behaviors, including risk for drug dependence and compulsive/impulsive behavior disorders. The term RDS was first coined by Blum's group in 1995 to identify a group of behaviors with a common neurobiological mechanism associated with a polymorphic allelic propensity for hypodopaminergia.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE
To outline the process used to select risk alleles of reward genes for the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. Consequently, to address the limitations caused by inconsistent results that occur in many case-control behavioral association studies. These limitations are perhaps due to the failure of investigators to adequately screen controls for drug and alcohol use disorder, and any of the many RDS behaviors, including nicotine dependence, obesity, pathological gambling, and internet gaming addiction.
METHODS
METHODS
Review of the literature related to the function of risk alleles of reward genes associated with hypodopaminergia relevant case-control association studies for the selection of alleles to be measured by the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele in unscreened controls (33.3%), compared to "Super-Controls" [highly screened RDS controls (3.3%) in proband and family] is used to exemplify a possible solution.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Unlike one gene-one disease (OGOD), RDS is polygenetic, and very complex. In addition, any RDS-related behaviors must be eliminated from the control group in order to obtain the best possible statistical analysis instead of comparing the phenotype with disease-ridden controls.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
7-21Subventions
Organisme : CSRD VA
ID : I01 CX000479
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : R01 NS073884
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R21 MH073624
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMHD NIH HHS
ID : R41 MD012318
Pays : United States
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
CONFLICT OF INTEREST Dr. Blum is the inventor of GARS and along with Dr. Siwicki own Geneus Health. Lisa Lott and Jessica Ponce are paid by Geneus Health.
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