Oregano Oil and Its Principal Component, Carvacrol, Inhibit HIV-1 Fusion into Target Cells.
carvacrol
cholesterol depletion
entry inhibition
human immunodeficiency virus
oregano oil
thymol
viral membrane
Journal
Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
Titre abrégé: J Virol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0113724
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
16 07 2020
16 07 2020
Historique:
received:
27
01
2020
accepted:
01
05
2020
pubmed:
29
5
2020
medline:
20
11
2020
entrez:
29
5
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Oregano essential oil has long been known for its health-promoting benefits. Here, we report its activity against viral replication. Oregano oil was found to specifically inhibit lentiviruses, such as human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), irrespective of virus tropism, but not hepatitis C virus, adenovirus 5 (ADV5), Zika virus, and influenza (H1N1) virus. Oregano oil's most abundant components, carvacrol and its isomer, thymol, were shown to block virus-target cell fusion while not perturbing other stages of the virus life cycle. We detected changes in virus particle density, suggesting that cholesterol depletion from the HIV-1 envelope membrane reduces virus entry. Furthermore, infection was rescued by adding exogenous cholesterol. The evolution of viral resistance to carvacrol supported this mechanism of action with the identification of mutations in the viral gp41 fusion protein that counteracted cholesterol depletion. In addition, resistance to carvacrol emerged later than typically observed for other clinically used drugs, strengthening its antiviral potential. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed key motifs of carvacrol and thymol required for HIV neutralization and identified previously unknown active analogs. Carvacrol was also shown to additively cooperate with antiretroviral therapy. In sum, oregano oil and improved carvacrol and thymol analogs could be considered to supplement current HIV therapeutics.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32461309
pii: JVI.00147-20
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00147-20
pmc: PMC7375364
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Cymenes
0
HIV Envelope Protein gp41
0
Plant Oils
0
gp41 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1
0
Cholesterol
97C5T2UQ7J
carvacrol
9B1J4V995Q
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI097012
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.
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